RAGET.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# RAGET Demo Notebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31mRunning cells with '/Users/pierlj/.pyenv/versions/3.10.12/bin/python' requires the ipykernel package.\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mRun the following command to install 'ipykernel' into the Python environment. \n",
      "\u001b[1;31mCommand: '/Users/pierlj/.pyenv/versions/3.10.12/bin/python -m pip install ipykernel -U --force-reinstall'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import warnings\n",
    "pd.set_option(\"display.max_colwidth\", 400)\n",
    "warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. Build RAG Agent on the IPCC report"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex\n",
    "from llama_index.core.node_parser import SentenceSplitter\n",
    "from llama_index.readers.file import PyMuPDFReader\n",
    "from llama_index.core.base.llms.types import ChatMessage, MessageRole\n",
    "\n",
    "loader = PyMuPDFReader()\n",
    "ipcc_documents = loader.load(file_path=\"./ipcc_report.pdf\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "splitter = SentenceSplitter(chunk_size=512)\n",
    "index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(ipcc_documents, transformations=[splitter]) \n",
    "chat_engine = index.as_chat_engine()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"images/RAG.png\" alt=\"drawing\" width=\"70%\" style=\"background-color:white;\" />"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Let's test the Agent"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'The predicted global temperature rise by 2100 is 3.2 degrees Celsius, with a range of 2.2 to 3.5 degrees Celsius based on the modelled pathways consistent with the continuation of policies implemented by the end of 2020.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(chat_engine.chat(\"How much will the global temperature rise by 2100?\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. Generate a test set on the IPCC report"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from giskard.rag import KnowledgeBase, generate_testset, QATestset\n",
    "\n",
    "text_nodes = splitter(ipcc_documents)\n",
    "knowledge_base_df = pd.DataFrame([node.text for node in text_nodes], columns=[\"text\"])\n",
    "knowledge_base = KnowledgeBase(knowledge_base_df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "testset = generate_testset(knowledge_base, \n",
    "                           num_questions=120,\n",
    "                           agent_description=\"A chatbot answering questions about the IPCC report\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "testset = QATestset.load(\"ipcc_testset.jsonl\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>question</th>\n",
       "      <th>reference_answer</th>\n",
       "      <th>reference_context</th>\n",
       "      <th>conversation_history</th>\n",
       "      <th>metadata</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99</th>\n",
       "      <td>What are the consequences of global warming exceeding 2°C for climate resilient development in some regions and sub-regions?</td>\n",
       "      <td>Climate resilient development will not be possible in some regions and sub-regions if global warming exceeds 2°C.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Document 196: Accelerated and equitable mitigation and adaptation bring beneﬁts from avoiding damages from climate \\nchange and are critical to achieving sustainable development (high conﬁdence). Climate resilient development138 \\npathways are progressively constrained by every increment of further warming (very high conﬁdence). There is a \\nrapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a li...</td>\n",
       "      <td>[]</td>\n",
       "      <td>{'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 196, 'topic': 'Climate Change Action'}</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5</th>\n",
       "      <td>What is the projected decline in coral reefs with a global warming of 1.5°C?</td>\n",
       "      <td>Coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70–90% at 1.5°C of global warming.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Document 123: 71\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\nSection 3\\n3.1.2 Impacts and Related Risks\\nFor a given level of warming, many climate-related risks are \\nassessed to be higher than in AR5 (high conﬁdence). Levels of \\nrisk120 for all Reasons for Concern121 (RFCs) are assessed to become high \\nto very high at lower global warming levels compared to what was \\nassessed in AR5 (high...</td>\n",
       "      <td>[]</td>\n",
       "      <td>{'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 123, 'topic': 'Climate Change Risks'}</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6</th>\n",
       "      <td>What is the expected uncertainty range in the total potential for mitigation options according to the IPCC report?</td>\n",
       "      <td>The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25–50%.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Document 251: Where a gradual colour transition is shown, the breakdown of the potential into cost categories is not well known or depends heavily on factors such \\nas geographical location, resource availability, and regional circumstances, and the colours indicate the range of estimates. The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25–50%. \\nWhen interpreting this ﬁgure, the following...</td>\n",
       "      <td>[]</td>\n",
       "      <td>{'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 251, 'topic': 'Climate Change Action'}</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65</th>\n",
       "      <td>What is the effect of increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions on the effectiveness of natural land and ocean carbon sinks?</td>\n",
       "      <td>The proportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Document 166: While \\nnatural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up, in absolute \\nterms, a progressively larger amount of CO2 under higher compared to \\nlower CO2 emissions scenarios, they become less effective, that is, the \\nproportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with \\nincreasing cumulative net CO2 emissions (high conﬁdence). Additional \\necosystem resp...</td>\n",
       "      <td>[]</td>\n",
       "      <td>{'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 166, 'topic': 'Climate Change Projections'}</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7</th>\n",
       "      <td>What does hatching represent on the maps depicting changes in maize yield and fisheries catch potential?</td>\n",
       "      <td>Hatching indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the sign of impact for maize yield, and where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change for fisheries catch potential.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Document 135: Interquartile ranges of WGLs by 2081–2100 \\nunder RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The presented index is consistent with common features found in many indices included within WGI and WGII assessments. (c) Impacts \\non food production: (c1) Changes in maize yield at projected GWLs of 1.6°C to 2.4°C (2.0°C), 3.3°C to 4.8°C (4.1°C) and 3.9°C to 6.0°C (4.9°C). Median yield changes \\nfrom ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>[]</td>\n",
       "      <td>{'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 135, 'topic': 'Climate Change Assessment'}</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                                                                                                                                                          question  \\\n",
       "id                                                                                                                                                                   \n",
       "450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99  What are the consequences of global warming exceeding 2°C for climate resilient development in some regions and sub-regions?   \n",
       "79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5                                                  What is the projected decline in coral reefs with a global warming of 1.5°C?   \n",
       "1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6            What is the expected uncertainty range in the total potential for mitigation options according to the IPCC report?   \n",
       "16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65    What is the effect of increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions on the effectiveness of natural land and ocean carbon sinks?   \n",
       "c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7                      What does hatching represent on the maps depicting changes in maize yield and fisheries catch potential?   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    reference_answer  \\\n",
       "id                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     \n",
       "450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99                                                                                                                               Climate resilient development will not be possible in some regions and sub-regions if global warming exceeds 2°C.   \n",
       "79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5                                                                                                                                                            Coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70–90% at 1.5°C of global warming.   \n",
       "1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6                                                                                                                                                                                     The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25–50%.   \n",
       "16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65                                                                                                                                  The proportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions.   \n",
       "c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7  Hatching indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the sign of impact for maize yield, and where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change for fisheries catch potential.   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    reference_context  \\\n",
       "id                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n",
       "450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99  Document 196: Accelerated and equitable mitigation and adaptation bring beneﬁts from avoiding damages from climate \\nchange and are critical to achieving sustainable development (high conﬁdence). Climate resilient development138 \\npathways are progressively constrained by every increment of further warming (very high conﬁdence). There is a \\nrapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a li...   \n",
       "79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5  Document 123: 71\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\nSection 3\\n3.1.2 Impacts and Related Risks\\nFor a given level of warming, many climate-related risks are \\nassessed to be higher than in AR5 (high conﬁdence). Levels of \\nrisk120 for all Reasons for Concern121 (RFCs) are assessed to become high \\nto very high at lower global warming levels compared to what was \\nassessed in AR5 (high...   \n",
       "1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6  Document 251: Where a gradual colour transition is shown, the breakdown of the potential into cost categories is not well known or depends heavily on factors such \\nas geographical location, resource availability, and regional circumstances, and the colours indicate the range of estimates. The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25–50%. \\nWhen interpreting this ﬁgure, the following...   \n",
       "16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65  Document 166: While \\nnatural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up, in absolute \\nterms, a progressively larger amount of CO2 under higher compared to \\nlower CO2 emissions scenarios, they become less effective, that is, the \\nproportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with \\nincreasing cumulative net CO2 emissions (high conﬁdence). Additional \\necosystem resp...   \n",
       "c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7  Document 135: Interquartile ranges of WGLs by 2081–2100 \\nunder RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The presented index is consistent with common features found in many indices included within WGI and WGII assessments. (c) Impacts \\non food production: (c1) Changes in maize yield at projected GWLs of 1.6°C to 2.4°C (2.0°C), 3.3°C to 4.8°C (4.1°C) and 3.9°C to 6.0°C (4.9°C). Median yield changes \\nfrom ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                     conversation_history  \\\n",
       "id                                                          \n",
       "450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99                   []   \n",
       "79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5                   []   \n",
       "1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6                   []   \n",
       "16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65                   []   \n",
       "c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7                   []   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                                                                                         metadata  \n",
       "id                                                                                                                                 \n",
       "450623f7-e644-4bfa-88d5-90f31dd15d99       {'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 196, 'topic': 'Climate Change Action'}  \n",
       "79f98d3d-766b-4cbf-800f-03e87966e3e5        {'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 123, 'topic': 'Climate Change Risks'}  \n",
       "1ee224a2-62af-4877-b172-baec006512e6       {'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 251, 'topic': 'Climate Change Action'}  \n",
       "16264bd2-510a-4368-a9d6-0a5fef7feb65  {'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 166, 'topic': 'Climate Change Projections'}  \n",
       "c31c6857-c505-45ef-98e5-aa524c4b05e7   {'question_type': 'simple', 'seed_document_id': 135, 'topic': 'Climate Change Assessment'}  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "testset.to_pandas().head(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. Evaluate and Diagnose the Agent"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from giskard.rag import evaluate, RAGReport"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def answer_fn(question, history=None):\n",
    "    if history:\n",
    "        answer = chat_engine.chat(question, chat_history=[ChatMessage(role=MessageRole.USER if msg[\"role\"] ==\"user\" else MessageRole.ASSISTANT,\n",
    "                                                          content=msg[\"content\"]) for msg in history])\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        answer = chat_engine.chat(question, chat_history=[])\n",
    "    return str(answer)\n",
    "\n",
    "report = evaluate(answer_fn, \n",
    "                testset=testset, \n",
    "                knowledge_base=knowledge_base)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "report = RAGReport.load(\"ipcc_report\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "    <style>\n",
       "        .bk-notebook-logo {\n",
       "            display: block;\n",
       "            width: 20px;\n",
       "            height: 20px;\n",
       "            background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,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);\n",
       "        }\n",
       "    </style>\n",
       "    <div>\n",
       "        <a href=\"https://bokeh.org\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"bk-notebook-logo\"></a>\n",
       "        <span id=\"f2e56ebb-052f-4f4c-9eb8-fe589926d772\">Loading BokehJS ...</span>\n",
       "    </div>\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": "'use strict';\n(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  const force = true;\n\n  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\nconst JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n  const HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n  const EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n  const CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n\n  /**\n   * Render data to the DOM node\n   */\n  function render(props, node) {\n    const script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n    node.appendChild(script);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n   */\n  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n    function drop(id) {\n      const view = Bokeh.index.get_by_id(id)\n      if (view != null) {\n        view.model.document.clear()\n        Bokeh.index.delete(view)\n      }\n    }\n\n    const cell = handle.cell;\n\n    const id = cell.output_area._bokeh_element_id;\n    const server_id = cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n\n    // Clean up Bokeh references\n    if (id != null) {\n      drop(id)\n    }\n\n    if (server_id !== undefined) {\n      // Clean up Bokeh references\n      const cmd_clean = \"from bokeh.io.state import curstate; print(curstate().uuid_to_server['\" + server_id + \"'].get_sessions()[0].document.roots[0]._id)\";\n      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_clean, {\n        iopub: {\n          output: function(msg) {\n            const id = msg.content.text.trim()\n            drop(id)\n          }\n        }\n      });\n      // Destroy server and session\n      const cmd_destroy = \"import bokeh.io.notebook as ion; ion.destroy_server('\" + server_id + \"')\";\n      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_destroy);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Handle when a new output is added\n   */\n  function handleAddOutput(event, handle) {\n    const output_area = handle.output_area;\n    const output = handle.output;\n\n    // limit handleAddOutput to display_data with EXEC_MIME_TYPE content only\n    if ((output.output_type != \"display_data\") || (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(output.data, EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n      return\n    }\n\n    const toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n\n    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"] !== undefined) {\n      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n      // store reference to embed id on output_area\n      output_area._bokeh_element_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n    }\n    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"] !== undefined) {\n      const bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n      bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n      const script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n      for (let i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = bk_div.children[0].textContent\n      }\n      // store reference to server id on output_area\n      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n    }\n  }\n\n  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n\n    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n      // create a DOM node to render to\n      const toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n        metadata,\n        CLASS_NAME,\n        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n      );\n      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n      // Render to node\n      const props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n      element.append(toinsert);\n      return toinsert\n    }\n\n    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n\n    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n\n    /**\n     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n     */\n    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n      /* Is output safe? */\n      safe: true,\n      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n      index: 0\n    });\n  }\n\n  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n    const events = require('base/js/events');\n    const OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n\n    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n    }\n  }\n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n     \"</p>\\n\"+\n     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<code>\\n\"+\n     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n     \"</code>\\n\"+\n     \"</div>\"}};\n\n  function display_loaded(error = null) {\n    const el = document.getElementById(\"f2e56ebb-052f-4f4c-9eb8-fe589926d772\");\n    if (el != null) {\n      const html = (() => {\n        if (typeof root.Bokeh === \"undefined\") {\n          if (error == null) {\n            return \"BokehJS is loading ...\";\n          } else {\n            return \"BokehJS failed to load.\";\n          }\n        } else {\n          const prefix = `BokehJS ${root.Bokeh.version}`;\n          if (error == null) {\n            return `${prefix} successfully loaded.`;\n          } else {\n            return `${prefix} <b>encountered errors</b> while loading and may not function as expected.`;\n          }\n        }\n      })();\n      el.innerHTML = html;\n\n      if (error != null) {\n        const wrapper = document.createElement(\"div\");\n        wrapper.style.overflow = \"auto\";\n        wrapper.style.height = \"5em\";\n        wrapper.style.resize = \"vertical\";\n        const content = document.createElement(\"div\");\n        content.style.fontFamily = \"monospace\";\n        content.style.whiteSpace = \"pre-wrap\";\n        content.style.backgroundColor = \"rgb(255, 221, 221)\";\n        content.textContent = error.stack ?? error.toString();\n        wrapper.append(content);\n        el.append(wrapper);\n      }\n    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(() => display_loaded(error), 100);\n    }\n  }\n\n  function run_callbacks() {\n    try {\n      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n        if (callback != null)\n          callback();\n      });\n    } finally {\n      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n  }\n\n  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n      return null;\n    }\n    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n      run_callbacks();\n      return null;\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n\n    function on_load() {\n      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n        run_callbacks()\n      }\n    }\n\n    function on_error(url) {\n      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = css_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n      element.type = \"text/css\";\n      element.href = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n      document.body.appendChild(element);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = js_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement('script');\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.async = false;\n      element.src = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n      document.head.appendChild(element);\n    }\n  };\n\n  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n    document.body.appendChild(element);\n  }\n\n  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.4.0.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-3.4.0.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-3.4.0.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-3.4.0.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-3.4.0.min.js\"];\n  const css_urls = [];\n\n  const inline_js = [    function(Bokeh) {\n      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n    },\nfunction(Bokeh) {\n    }\n  ];\n\n  function run_inline_js() {\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n      try {\n            for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n    }\n\n      } catch (error) {display_loaded(error);throw error;\n      }if (force === true) {\n        display_loaded();\n      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n    } else if (force !== true) {\n      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"f2e56ebb-052f-4f4c-9eb8-fe589926d772\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n    run_inline_js();\n  } else {\n    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n      run_inline_js();\n    });\n  }\n}(window));",
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": ""
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2024-03-28 20:21:51,929 pid:56383 MainThread giskard.rag  INFO     Computing Knowledge Base embeddings.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<!DOCTYPE html>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "    body{\n",
       "  background: #18181B;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".main{\n",
       "  font-family: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, \"Noto Sans\", sans-serif, \"Apple Color Emoji\", \"Segoe UI Emoji\", \"Segoe UI Symbol\", \"Noto Color Emoji\";\n",
       "\n",
       "  color: #ffffff;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h1 {\n",
       "  font-size: 2.5rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h3 {\n",
       "  font-size: 1.5rem;\n",
       "  background: #27272A;\n",
       "  padding: 10px;\n",
       "  margin: 0px;\n",
       "  border: 1px solid #6b7280;}\n",
       "\n",
       ".extended-title{\n",
       "  width:100%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".overview-side{\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  justify-content: flex-start;\n",
       "  padding: 0 10px;\n",
       "  flex: auto;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "  margin: 0 15px;\n",
       "  border: 1px solid #27272A;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#gsk-overview{\n",
       "  display:flex;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h4 {\n",
       "  font-size: 1rem;\n",
       "  background: #27272A;\n",
       "  padding: 10px;\n",
       "  margin: 0px;\n",
       "  border-bottom: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "h2 {\n",
       "  font-size: 1.5rem;\n",
       "  margin-top: 3px;\n",
       "  color:#000000;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".header{\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       ".header > * {\n",
       "  margin-inline: 20px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".flex-row {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: row;\n",
       "  padding:10px;\n",
       "  border: 1px solid #27272A;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".flex-row>div {\n",
       "  flex: auto;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "progress[value] {\n",
       "  --background: lightgrey;\n",
       "  -webkit-appearance: none;\n",
       "  -moz-appearance: none;\n",
       "  appearance: none;\n",
       "  border: none;\n",
       "  width: 200px;\n",
       "  height: 20px;\n",
       "  margin: 0 10px;\n",
       "  border-radius: 10em;\n",
       "  background: var(--background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "progress[value]::-webkit-progress-bar {\n",
       "  border-radius: 10em;\n",
       "  background: var(--background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "progress[value]::-webkit-progress-value {\n",
       "  border-radius: 10em;\n",
       "  background: var(--color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "progress[value]::-moz-progress-bar {\n",
       "  border-radius: 10em;\n",
       "  background: var(--color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "label {\n",
       "  font-size: 20px;\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  margin: 20px 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab {\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  border: 1px solid #27272A;\n",
       "  background-color: #27272A;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab button {\n",
       "  background-color: inherit;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  border: none;\n",
       "  outline: none;\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  padding: 14px 16px;\n",
       "  transition: 0.3s;\n",
       "  color: #ffffff;\n",
       "  font-size:1.2rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab div {\n",
       "  background-color: inherit;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  border: none;\n",
       "  outline: none;\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  padding: 14px 16px;\n",
       "  transition: 0.3s;\n",
       "  color: #ffffff;\n",
       "  font-size: 1.2rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab button:hover {\n",
       "  background-color: #18181B;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab-title{\n",
       "  font-size: 1.5rem;\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "  margin-bottom:-5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab button.active {\n",
       "  background-color: #18181B;\n",
       "  border-top: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "  border-bottom: 1px solid #18181B;\n",
       "  border-left: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "  border-right: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tabcontent {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  padding: 6px 12px;\n",
       "  background: #18181B;\n",
       "  border: 1px solid #27272A;\n",
       "  border-top: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "  margin-top: -2px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#gsk-advice {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#recommendation {\n",
       "  margin-top: 20px;\n",
       "  padding: 20px;\n",
       "  border-radius: 10px;\n",
       "  background-color: #e1ce86;\n",
       "  color: #27272A;\n",
       "  width:95%;\n",
       "  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 #000000, 0 6px 20px 0 #000000;\n",
       "  font-size: 12pt;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".separator {\n",
       "  margin: 20px 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".separator-border {\n",
       "  margin: 20px 0;\n",
       "  border-bottom: 1px solid #6b7280;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#gsk-rag{\n",
       "  padding: 20px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".correctness-indicator{\n",
       "  padding: 20px;\n",
       "  border-radius: 50px;\n",
       "  font-size: 16pt;\n",
       "  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 #000000, 0 6px 20px 0 #000000;\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".metric-title{\n",
       "  margin: -2px;\n",
       "  border-bottom: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".hist-row {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: row;\n",
       "  padding: 10px;\n",
       "  justify-content: space-around;\n",
       "  width: 85%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".hist-row>div {\n",
       "  flex: auto;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "  padding-left: 1%;\n",
       "  padding-right: 1%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tab-row{\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#component-table{\n",
       "  width:50%;\n",
       "  margin-top: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".green{\n",
       "  background-color: #0a980a;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".orange {\n",
       "  background-color: #e5b62a;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".red {\n",
       "  background-color: #ba0e0e;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".progress-green {\n",
       "  --color: #0a980a;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".progress-orange {\n",
       "  --color: #e5b62a;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".progress-red {\n",
       "  --color: #ba0e0e;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".corr-plot{\n",
       "  flex: 1;\n",
       "  padding-left: 2%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tooltip-text {\n",
       "  position: absolute;\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  visibility: hidden;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "  top: 100%;\n",
       "  left: 0%;\n",
       "  width: 100%;\n",
       "  color: white;\n",
       "  font-size: 12px;\n",
       "  background-color: #2d3d4c;\n",
       "  border-radius: 10px;\n",
       "  padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#fade {\n",
       "  opacity: 1;\n",
       "  transition: opacity 0.5s;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#delay {\n",
       "  opacity: 0;\n",
       "  transition: opacity 0.2s;\n",
       "  transition-delay: 1s;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "td {\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "tr:hover .tooltip-text {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  visibility: visible;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tr:hover #fade {\n",
       "  opacity: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".tr:hover #delay {\n",
       "  opacity: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".callout {\n",
       "  padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 3rem;\n",
       "  background: #D9EDF9;\n",
       "  border: 3px solid #0088D1;\n",
       "  color: #272eb5;\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "  max-width: 40rem;\n",
       "  border-radius: 10px;\n",
       "  margin-top: 10%;\n",
       "  font-size: 11pt;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".callout-icon {\n",
       "  content: \"\";\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* SVG via a data URI! */\n",
       "  background-size: cover;\n",
       "  width: 1.5rem;\n",
       "  height: 1.5rem;\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  position: absolute;\n",
       "  left: 0.9rem;\n",
       "  top: 1.1rem;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".callout-icon svg{\n",
       "  fill: #016ca7;\n",
       "}\n",
       ".callout p+p {\n",
       "  margin-top: 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".callout a {\n",
       "  color: #272eb5;\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#gsk-logo {\n",
       "  padding-top: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<script src=\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.3.4.min.js\" integrity=\"sha384-5QIrjQuyo4I/x6DK/Sau33lcA3hT2TCZGr9vbk+2ebd7Da6FnR1amdM+9B5xOrSf\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n",
       "<script src=\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-3.3.4.min.js\" integrity=\"sha384-tXTWPp/bAKa+K9RPuXh7DNvye0Mv+P+6y4rAMVy+pWapsnXg9UG7g20WZ0N4i28A\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "<div class=\"main\">\n",
       "    <div id=\"gsk-rag\" class=\"dark:text-white dark:bg-zinc-800 rounded border border-gray-500\">\n",
       "        <div class=\"header border-b border-b-gray-500\">\n",
       "            \n",
       "                <div>\n",
       "                    <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"60\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 15\" fill=\"none\" id=\"gsk-logo\">\n",
       "                        <path fill=\"#fff\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"\n",
       "                            d=\"M22.504 1.549a4.196 4.196 0 0 1 2.573-.887v.002a3.783 3.783 0 0 1 2.706 1.086 3.783 3.783 0 0 1 1.126 2.69 3.771 3.771 0 0 1-1.126 2.69 3.77 3.77 0 0 1-2.706 1.085l-4.794.011-2.533 3.467L8.203 15l2.881-3.335a9.829 9.829 0 0 1-4.663-1.68H3.185L0 7.163h3.934C4.263 3.165 8.187 0 12.96 0c2.24 0 4.489.696 6.175 1.909a7.423 7.423 0 0 1 1.882 1.919 4.194 4.194 0 0 1 1.487-2.28ZM7.05 3.249l3.91 3.915h1.505L7.89 2.584a7.773 7.773 0 0 0-.84.665Zm4.079-2.008 5.923 5.923h1.503l-6.086-6.087c-.45.023-.898.078-1.34.164ZM4.574 8.226h-1.77l.784.693h1.584a8.454 8.454 0 0 1-.598-.693Zm9.479 0H5.984c1.469 1.477 3.656 2.377 5.977 2.422l2.092-2.422Zm-2.458 4.472 5.492-1.902 1.878-2.569h-3.508l-3.862 4.47Zm10.361-5.552h3.265a2.714 2.714 0 0 0 1.747-4.648 2.711 2.711 0 0 0-1.888-.773 3.127 3.127 0 0 0-3.123 3.124v2.297Zm3.659-3.73a.677.677 0 1 1-.134 1.348.677.677 0 0 1 .134-1.348Z\"\n",
       "                            clip-rule=\"evenodd\" />\n",
       "                    </svg>\n",
       "                </div>\n",
       "                <h1>RAG Evaluation Toolkit</h1>\n",
       "        </div>\n",
       "        \n",
       "        \n",
       "        \n",
       "        <div id=\"gsk-overview\">\n",
       "            \n",
       "            <div class=\"overview-side\">\n",
       "                <h3 class=\"extended-title\">Knowledge base overview</h3>\n",
       "                    <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "        (function() {\n",
       "  const fn = function() {\n",
       "    Bokeh.safely(function() {\n",
       "      (function(root) {\n",
       "        function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "        const docs_json = '{\"d4928956-4765-49db-83df-b23b0a063c6b\":{\"version\":\"3.4.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Tabs\",\"id\":\"p1362\",\"attributes\":{\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"tabs\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"TabPanel\",\"id\":\"p1291\",\"attributes\":{\"title\":\"Topic exploration\",\"child\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"p1238\",\"attributes\":{\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1248\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":1.9791462182998658,\"end\":12.721520709991456}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1249\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":-7.595079779624939,\"end\":4.121947169303894}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1250\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1251\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"p1241\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"Knowledge Base UMAP representation\",\"text_font_size\":\"14pt\"}},\"renderers\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"p1279\",\"attributes\":{\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1235\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1236\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1237\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[304],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"y\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[304],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"topic\",[\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\"]],[\"id\",[0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304]],[\"content\",[\"35\\\\nClimate Change 2023\\\\nSynthesis Report\\\\nIPCC, 2023: Sections. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth \\\\nAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, \\\\nGeneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647\\\\nThese Sections should be cited as:\",\"37\\\\nSection 1\\\\nIntroduction\",\"38\\\\nSection 1 \\\\nSection 1\\\\nThis Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) \\\\nsummarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread \\\\nimpacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation, based \\\\non the peer-reviewed scienti\\\\ufb01c, technical and socio-economic literature \\\\nsince the publication of the IPCC\\\\u2019s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in \\\\n2014.\\\\nThe assessment is undertaken within the context of the evolving \\\\ninternational landscape, in particular, developmen...\",\"Different \\\\nregional classi\\\\ufb01cation schemes61 are used for physical, social and \\\\neconomic aspects, re\\\\ufb02ecting the underlying literature.\\\\nAfter this introduction, Section 2, \\\\u2018Current Status and Trends\\\\u2019, opens \\\\nwith the assessment of observational evidence for our changing \\\\nclimate, historical and current drivers of human-induced climate \\\\nchange, and its impacts. It assesses the current implementation of \\\\nadaptation and mitigation response options. Section 3, \\\\u2018Long-Term \\\\nClimate and Development Futur...\",\"The Special Reports cover scienti\\\\ufb01c literature \\\\naccepted for publication respectively by 15 May 2018, 7 April 2019 and 15 May 2019.\\\\n60 \\\\nThe Glossary (Annex I) includes de\\\\ufb01nitions of these, and other terms and concepts used in this report drawn from the AR6 joint Working Group Glossary.\\\\n61 \\\\nDepending on the climate information context, geographical regions in AR6 may refer to larger areas, such as sub-continents and oceanic regions, or to typological regions, such \\\\nas monsoon regions, coastlines,...\",\"The following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or result: virtually certain \\\\n99\\\\u2013100% probability; very likely 90\\\\u2013100%; likely 66\\\\u2013100%; more likely than not &gt;50-100%; about as likely as not 33\\\\u201366%; unlikely 0\\\\u201333%; very unlikely 0\\\\u201310%; and \\\\nexceptionally unlikely 0\\\\u20131%. Additional terms (extremely likely 95\\\\u2013100%  and extremely unlikely 0\\\\u20135%) are also used when appropriate. Assessed likelihood also is typeset in \\\\nitalics: for example, very likely. This is consis...\",\"39\\\\nIntroduction \\\\nSection 1\\\\nFigure 1.1: The Synthesis Report \\\\ufb01gures key.\\\\nItalicized \\\\u2018annotations\\\\u2019\\\\nSimple explanations written \\\\nin non-technical language \\\\nAxis labels\\\\nSynthesis Report\\\\n\\\\ufb01gures key\\\\nthese help non-experts \\\\nnavigate complex content\\\\nGHG emissions\\\\nTemperature\\\\nCost or budget\\\\nNet zero\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\nnet zero\",\"40\",\"41\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\",\"42\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\n2.1 Observed Changes, Impacts and Attribution\\\\nHuman activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, \\\\nwith global surface temperature reaching 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in 2011\\\\u20132020. Global greenhouse gas emissions \\\\nhave continued to increase over 2010\\\\u20132019, with unequal historical and ongoing contributions arising from \\\\nunsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change, lifestyles and patterns of consumpti...\",\"Observed Warming and its Causes\\\\nGlobal surface temperature was around 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in \\\\n2011\\\\u20132020 (1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]\\\\u00b0C)64, with larger increases \\\\nover land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]\\\\u00b0C) than over the ocean \\\\n(0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]\\\\u00b0C)65. Observed warming is human-caused, with \\\\nwarming from greenhouse gases (GHG), dominated by CO2 and \\\\nmethane (CH4), partly masked by aerosol cooling (Figure 2.1). \\\\nGlobal surface temperature in the \\\\ufb01rst two decades of the 21st century \\\\n(2001\\\\u20132020) was 0.99 [0.84 t...\",\"It is likely that well-mixed GHGs67 contributed a warming \\\\nof 1.0\\\\u00b0C to 2.0\\\\u00b0C, and other human drivers (principally aerosols) \\\\ncontributed a cooling of 0.0\\\\u00b0C to 0.8\\\\u00b0C, natural (solar and volcanic) \\\\ndrivers changed global surface temperature by \\\\u00b10.1\\\\u00b0C and internal \\\\nvariability changed it by \\\\u00b10.2\\\\u00b0C. {WGI SPM A.1, WGI SPM A.1.2, \\\\nWGI SPM A.1.3, WGI SPM A.2.2, WGI Figure SPM.2; SRCCL TS.2}\\\\nObserved increases in well-mixed GHG concentrations since around \\\\n1750 are unequivocally caused by GHG emissions...\",\"Additionally, methodological \\\\nadvances and new datasets have provided a more complete spatial representation of changes in surface temperature, including in the Arctic. These and other improvements \\\\nhave also increased the estimate of global surface temperature change by approximately 0.1\\\\u00b0C, but this increase does not represent additional physical warming since AR5 \\\\n{WGI SPM A1.2 and footnote 10}\\\\n65 \\\\nFor 1850\\\\u20131900 to 2013\\\\u20132022 the updated calculations are 1.15 [1.00 to 1.25]\\\\u00b0C for global surface...\",\"68 \\\\nFor 2021 (the most recent year for which \\\\ufb01nal numbers are available) concentrations using the same observational products and methods as in AR6 WGI are: 415 ppm CO2; \\\\n1896 ppb CH4; and 335 ppb N2O. Note that the CO2 is reported here using the WMO-CO2-X2007 scale to be consistent with WGI. Operational CO2 reporting has since been \\\\nupdated to use the WMO-CO2-X2019 scale.\\\\nthe past six decades, with regional differences (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In 2019, \\\\natmospheric CO2 concentrations reached 410 parts...\",\"43\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nIncreased concentrations \\\\nof GHGs in the atmosphere\\\\nIncreased emissions of \\\\ngreenhouse gases (GHGs)\\\\nb)\\\\na)\\\\nc) Changes in global surface temperature\\\\nCarbon dioxide\\\\nMethane\\\\nd) Humans are responsible\\\\n0\\\\n15\\\\n30\\\\n45\\\\n60\\\\n400\\\\n350\\\\n300\\\\n1000\\\\n1500\\\\n500\\\\n  \\\\u20130.5\\\\n\\\\u20131.0\\\\n0.0\\\\n0.5\\\\n1.0\\\\n1.5\\\\n2.0\\\\nObserved\\\\n\\\\u20130.5\\\\n\\\\u20131.0\\\\n0.0\\\\n0.5\\\\n1.0\\\\n1.5\\\\n2.0\\\\nTotal human in\\\\ufb02uence\\\\nObserved warming\\\\nWell-mixed GHG\\\\nOther human drivers*\\\\nSolar and volcanic drivers\\\\nInternal variability\\\\nObserved warming is driven by em...\",\"Land-Use \\\\nChange and \\\\nForestry \\\\n(LULUCF)\\\\nwarmest \\\\nmulti-century \\\\nperiod in more \\\\nthan 100,000 \\\\nyears\\\\n410 ppm CO2\\\\n1866 ppb CH4\\\\n332 ppb N2O\\\\n200\\\\n400 Parts per billion (ppb)\\\\nNitrous oxide\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n0.5\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\nKey\\\\n*Other human drivers are predominantly cooling aerosols, but also \\\\nwarming aerosols, land-use change (land-use re\\\\ufb02ectance) and ozone.\\\\nFigure 2.1: The causal chain from emissions to resulting \\\\nwarming of the climate system. Emissions of GHG have \\\\nincreased rapidly over recent decades (panel (a)). ...\",\"To indicate their \\\\nrelative importance each subpanel\\\\u2019s vertical extent for CO2, CH4 and \\\\nN2O is scaled to match the assessed individual direct effect (and, \\\\nin the case of CH4 indirect effect via atmospheric chemistry impacts \\\\non tropospheric ozone) of historical emissions on temperature \\\\nchange from 1850\\\\u20131900 to 2010\\\\u20132019. This estimate arises from \\\\nan assessment of effective radiative forcing and climate sensitivity. \\\\nThe global surface temperature (shown as annual anomalies from \\\\na 1850\\\\u20131900 ...\",\"44\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nAverage annual GHG emissions during 2010\\\\u20132019 were higher \\\\nthan in any previous decade, but the rate of growth between \\\\n2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr-1) was lower than that between 2000 \\\\nand 2009 (2.1% yr-1)69. Historical cumulative net CO2 emissions from \\\\n1850 to 2019 were 2400 \\\\u00b1240 GtCO2. Of these, more than half (58%) \\\\noccurred between 1850 and 1989 [1400 \\\\u00b1195 GtCO2], and about 42% \\\\nbetween 1990 and 2019 [1000 \\\\u00b190 GtCO2]. Global net anthropogenic \\\\nGHG emissions have ...\",\"(high confidence) \\\\n{WGIII SPM B1.1, WGIII SPM B.1.2, WGIII SPM B.1.3, WGIII Figure SPM.1, \\\\nWGIII Figure SPM.2}\\\\nRegional contributions to global human-caused GHG emissions \\\\ncontinue to differ widely. Historical contributions of CO2 emissions \\\\nvary substantially across regions in terms of total magnitude, but also \\\\nin terms of contributions to CO2-FFI (1650 \\\\u00b1 73 GtCO2-eq) and net \\\\nCO2-LULUCF (760 \\\\u00b1 220 GtCO2-eq) emissions (Figure 2.2). Variations \\\\nin regional and national per capita emissions part...\",\"Around 48% of the global population in 2019 lives in countries \\\\nemitting on average more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita, 35% of the global \\\\npopulation live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO2-eq per capita70 \\\\n(excluding CO2-LULUCF) while another 41% live in countries emitting less \\\\nthan 3 tCO2-eq per capita. A substantial share of the population in these \\\\nlow-emitting countries lack access to modern energy services. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\n{WGIII SPM B.3, WGIII SPM B3.1, WGIII SPM B.3.2, WGIII SPM B.3.3}...\",\"Average annual GHG emissions growth between \\\\n69 \\\\nGHG emission metrics are used to express emissions of different GHGs in a common unit. Aggregated GHG emissions in this report are stated in CO2-equivalents (CO2-eq) using \\\\nthe Global Warming Potential with a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) with values based on the contribution of Working Group I to the AR6. The AR6 WGI and WGIII reports \\\\ncontain updated emission metric values, evaluations of different metrics with regard to mitigation objectiv...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 8}\\\\n72 \\\\nComprising a gross sink of -12.5 (\\\\u00b13.2) GtCO2 yr-1 resulting from responses of all land to both anthropogenic environmental change and natural climate variability, and \\\\nnet anthropogenic CO2-LULUCF emissions +5.9 (\\\\u00b14.1) GtCO2 yr-1 based on book-keeping models. {WGIII SPM Footnote 14}\\\\n73 \\\\nThis estimate is based on consumption-based accounting, including both direct emissions from within urban areas, and indirect emissions from outside urban areas related to \\\\nthe product...\",\"Land overall constituted a net sink of \\\\u20136.6 (\\\\u00b14.6) GtCO2 yr\\\\u20131 for the period \\\\n2010\\\\u2013201972 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM B.2, WGIII SPM B.2.1, \\\\nWGIII SPM B.2.2, WGIII TS 5.6.1} \\\\nHuman-caused climate change is a consequence of more than \\\\na century of net GHG emissions from energy use, land-use and \\\\nland use change, lifestyle and patterns of consumption, and \\\\nproduction. Emissions reductions in CO2 from fossil fuels and industrial \\\\nprocesses (CO2-FFI), due to improvements in energy intensity of GD...\",\"45\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nKey\\\\nPopulation (millions)\\\\n0\\\\n2000\\\\n4000\\\\n6000\\\\n8000\\\\n0\\\\n5\\\\n10\\\\n15\\\\n20\\\\nMiddle East \\\\nAfrica \\\\nEastern Asia\\\\nSouth-East Asia and Paci\\\\ufb01c \\\\nLatin America and Caribbean\\\\nEurope\\\\nSouthern Asia\\\\nNorth America \\\\nAustralia, Japan and New Zealand \\\\nEastern Europe and West-Central Asia\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAustralia, Japan and New Zealand\\\\nEastern Asia\\\\nEastern Europe and West-Central Asia\\\\nEurope\\\\nInternational \\\\nshipping and aviation\\\\nLatin America and Caribbean\\\\nMiddle East\\\\nNorth America\\\\nSouth-East Asia...\",\"6\\\\n1.6\\\\nConsumption-based emissions (tCO2FFI per person, based on 2018 data)\\\\n0.84\\\\n11\\\\n6.7\\\\n6.2\\\\n7.8\\\\n2.8\\\\n7.6\\\\n17\\\\n2.5\\\\n1.5\\\\nPopulation (million persons, 2019)\\\\n1292\\\\n157\\\\n1471\\\\n291\\\\n620\\\\n646\\\\n252\\\\n366\\\\n674\\\\n1836\\\\nGHG per capita (tCO2-eq per person)\\\\n3.9\\\\n13\\\\n11\\\\n13\\\\n7.8\\\\n9.2\\\\n13\\\\n19\\\\n7.9\\\\n2.6\\\\nGDP per capita (USD1000PPP 2017 per person) 1\\\\n5.0\\\\n43\\\\n17\\\\n20\\\\n43\\\\n15\\\\n20\\\\n61\\\\n12\\\\n6.2\\\\nNet GHG 2019 2 (production basis)\\\\nCO2FFI, 2018, per person\\\\nGHG emissions intensity (tCO2-eq / USD1000PPP 2017) \\\\n0.78\\\\n0.30\\\\n0.62\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.18\\\\n0.61\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.31\\\\n0.65\\\\n0....\",\"2\\\\nNet GHG 2019 2 (production basis)\\\\nCO2FFI, 2018, per person\\\\nGHG emissions intensity (tCO2-eq / USD1000PPP 2017) \\\\n0.78\\\\n0.30\\\\n0.62\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.18\\\\n0.61\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.31\\\\n0.65\\\\n0.42\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAustralia, \\\\nJapan, \\\\nNew \\\\nZealand\\\\nEastern \\\\nAsia\\\\nEastern \\\\nEurope, \\\\nWest-\\\\nCentral Asia\\\\nEurope\\\\nLatin \\\\nAmerica \\\\nand \\\\nCaribbean\\\\nMiddle \\\\nEast\\\\nNorth \\\\nAmerica\\\\nSouth-East \\\\nAsia and \\\\nPacifc\\\\nSouthern \\\\nAsia\\\\n1 GDP per capita in 2019 in USD2017 currency purchasing power basis.\\\\n2 Includes CO2FFI, CO2LULUCF and Other GHGs, excluding internation...\",\"46\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nFigure 2.2: Regional GHG emissions, and the regional proportion of total cumulative production-based CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019. Panel (a) shows the \\\\nshare of historical cumulative net anthropogenic CO2 emissions per region from 1850 to 2019 in GtCO2. This includes CO2-FFI and CO2-LULUCF. Other GHG emissions are not included. \\\\nCO2-LULUCF emissions are subject to high uncertainties, re\\\\ufb02ected by a global uncertainty estimate of \\\\u00b170% (90% con\\\\ufb01dence interval). P...\",\"The height of each rectangle shows per capita emissions, the width shows the population of the region, so that the area of the rectangles \\\\nrefers to the total emissions for each region. Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. In the case of two regions, the area for CO2-LULUCF is below the \\\\naxis, indicating net CO2 removals rather than emissions. Panel (c) shows global net anthropogenic GHG emissions by region (in GtCO2-eq yr\\\\u20131 (GWP100-AR6)) for the time period \\\\n1990...\",\"Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. {WGIII Figure SPM.2}\\\\n2.1.2. Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to \\\\nDate\\\\nIt is unequivocal that human in\\\\ufb02uence has warmed the \\\\natmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in \\\\nthe atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred \\\\n(Table 2.1). The scale of recent changes across the climate system as \\\\na whole and the present state of many aspects of the climate system \\\\nare unprecedented over many cent...\",\"Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 \\\\n[0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018. The average rate of sea level \\\\nrise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1]mm yr-1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to \\\\n1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr-1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing \\\\nto 3.7 [3.2 to \\\\u20134.2] mm yr-1 between 2006 and 2018 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nHuman in\\\\ufb02uence was very likely the main driver of these increases \\\\nsince at least 1971 (Figure 3.4). Human in\\\\ufb02uence is very likely the main \\\\ndriver of the global retreat of gl...\",\"It is \\\\nvirtually certain that human-caused CO2 emissions are the main driver \\\\nof current global acidi\\\\ufb01cation of the surface open ocean. {WGI SPM A.1, \\\\nWGI SPM A.1.3, WGI SPM A.1.5, WGI SPM A.1.6, WG1 SPM A1.7, \\\\nWGI SPM A.2, WG1.SPM A.4.2; SROCC SPM.A.1, SROCC SPM A.2}\\\\nHuman-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and \\\\nclimate extremes in every region across the globe. Evidence of observed \\\\nchanges in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, \\\\nand tropical cyclone...\",\"Marine heatwaves have approximately doubled \\\\n74 \\\\n\\\\u2018Main driver\\\\u2019 means responsible for more than 50% of the change. {WGI SPM footnote 12}\\\\n75 \\\\nSee Annex I: Glossary.\\\\nin frequency since the 1980s (high con\\\\ufb01dence), and human in\\\\ufb02uence \\\\nhas very likely contributed to most of them since at least 2006. The \\\\nfrequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events have increased \\\\nsince the 1950s over most land areas for which observational data \\\\nare suf\\\\ufb01cient for trend analysis (high con\\\\ufb01dence), and human-ca...\",\"A.2}\\\\nClimate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly \\\\nirreversible75 losses, in terrestrial, freshwater, cryospheric and \\\\ncoastal and open ocean ecosystems (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The extent \\\\nand magnitude of climate change impacts are larger than estimated \\\\nin previous assessments (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Approximately half of the \\\\nspecies assessed globally have shifted polewards or, on land, also to \\\\nhigher elevations (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Biological responses including \\\\nchanges in geograp...\",\"Impacts in ecosystems \\\\nfrom slow-onset processes such as ocean acidi\\\\ufb01cation, sea level rise \\\\nor regional decreases in precipitation have also been attributed to \\\\nhuman-caused climate change (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate change \\\\nhas contributed to deserti\\\\ufb01cation and exacerbated land degradation, \\\\nparticularly in low lying coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in \\\\npermafrost areas (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Nearly 50% of coastal wetlands \\\\nhave been lost over the last 100 years, as a result of the combined ...\",\"47\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nTable 2.1: Assessment of observed changes in large-scale indicators of mean climate across climate system components, and their attribution to human \\\\nin\\\\ufb02uence. The colour coding indicates the assessed con\\\\ufb01dence in / likelihood76 of the observed change and the human contribution as a driver or main driver (speci\\\\ufb01ed in that case) \\\\nwhere available (see colour key). Otherwise, explanatory text is provided. {WGI Table TS.1}\\\\n76 \\\\nBased on scienti\\\\ufb01c understanding, ...\",\"47\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nTable 2.1: Assessment of observed changes in large-scale indicators of mean climate across climate system components, and their attribution to human \\\\nin\\\\ufb02uence. The colour coding indicates the assessed con\\\\ufb01dence in / likelihood76 of the observed change and the human contribution as a driver or main driver (speci\\\\ufb01ed in that case) \\\\nwhere available (see colour key). Otherwise, explanatory text is provided. {WGI Table TS.1}\\\\n76 \\\\nBased on scienti\\\\ufb01c understanding, ...\",\"48\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nClimate change has impacted human and natural systems across the \\\\nworld with those who have generally least contributed to climate \\\\nchange being most vulnerable\\\\na) Synthesis of assessment of observed change in hot extremes, heavy precipitation and \\\\ndrought, and con\\\\ufb01dence in human contribution to the observed changes in the world\\\\u2019s regions \\\\nIncrease\\\\nDecrease\\\\nLimited data and/or literature\\\\nLow agreement in the type of change\\\\nKey\\\\nType of observed change since the 19...\",\"SSA \\\\n(Southern South America), Europe: GIC \\\\n(Greenland/Iceland), NEU (Northern Europe), \\\\nWCE (Western and Central Europe), EEU \\\\n(Eastern Europe), MED (Mediterranean), \\\\nAfrica: MED (Mediterranean), SAH (Sahara), \\\\nWAF (Western Africa), CAF (Central Africa), \\\\nNEAF (North Eastern Africa), SEAF (South \\\\nEastern Africa), WSAF (West Southern \\\\nAfrica), ESAF (East Southern Africa), MDG \\\\n(Madagascar), Asia: RAR (Russian Arctic), \\\\nWSB (West Siberia), ESB (East Siberia), RFE \\\\n(Russian Far East), WCA (West Ce...\",\"WCA (West Central Asia), \\\\nECA (East Central Asia), TIB (Tibetan \\\\nPlateau), EAS (East Asia), ARP (Arabian \\\\nPeninsula), SAS (South Asia), SEA (South East \\\\nAsia), Australasia: NAU (Northern Australia), \\\\nCAU (Central Australia), EAU (Eastern \\\\nAustralia), SAU (Southern Australia), NZ \\\\n(New Zealand), Small Islands: CAR \\\\n(Caribbean), PAC (Paci\\\\ufb01c Small Islands)\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nECA\\\\nTIB\\\\nEAS\\\\nSCA\\\\nCAR\\\\nSAH\\\\nARP\\\\nSAS\\\\nSEA\\\\nNWS\\\\nNSA\\\\nWAF\\\\nCAF\\\\nNEAF\\\\nNAU\\\\nSAM\\\\nNES\\\\nWSAF SEAF\\\\nC...\",\"SEAF\\\\nCAU\\\\nEAU\\\\nSWS\\\\nSES\\\\nESAF\\\\nSAU\\\\nNZ\\\\nSSA\\\\nMDG\\\\nPAC\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAsia\\\\nAustralasia\\\\nNorth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nCentral\\\\nAmerica\\\\nSouth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nEurope\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nECA\\\\nTIB\\\\nEAS\\\\nSCA\\\\nCAR\\\\nSAH\\\\nARP\\\\nSAS\\\\nSEA\\\\nNWS\\\\nNSA\\\\nWAF\\\\nCAF\\\\nNEAF\\\\nNAU\\\\nSAM\\\\nNES\\\\nWSAF SEAF\\\\nCAU\\\\nEAU\\\\nSWS\\\\nSES\\\\nESAF\\\\nSAU\\\\nNZ\\\\nSSA\\\\nMDG\\\\nPAC\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAsia\\\\nAustralasia\\\\nNorth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nCentral\\\\nAmerica\\\\nSouth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nEurope\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nEC...\",\"49\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nTerrestrial\\\\nFreshwater\\\\nOcean\\\\nChanges in \\\\necosystem structure\\\\nTerrestrial\\\\nFreshwater\\\\nOcean\\\\nSpecies range shifts\\\\nTerrestrial\\\\nFreshwater\\\\nOcean\\\\nChanges in seasonal \\\\ntiming (phenology)\\\\nWater availability \\\\nand food production\\\\nHealth and wellbeing\\\\nCities, settlements \\\\nand infrastructure\\\\nAsia\\\\nAfrica\\\\nGlobal\\\\nAustralasia\\\\nEurope\\\\nCentral &amp; \\\\nSouth America\\\\nNorth \\\\nAmerica\\\\nSmall Islands\\\\nPhysical water availability\\\\nAgriculture/crop production\\\\nFisheries yields and aquaculture...\",\"50\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nClimate change has reduced food security and affected water \\\\nsecurity due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, \\\\nreduction and loss of cryospheric elements, and greater frequency \\\\nand intensity of climatic extremes, thereby hindering efforts to \\\\nmeet Sustainable Development Goals (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Although \\\\noverall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed \\\\nthis growth in agricultural productivity over the past 50 years globally \\\\n(...\",\"Roughly half of the world\\\\u2019s population currently experiences severe water \\\\nscarcity for at least some part of the year due to a combination of climatic \\\\nand non-climatic drivers (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 2.3). Unsustainable \\\\nagricultural expansion, driven in part by unbalanced diets77, increases \\\\necosystem and human vulnerability and leads to competition for land \\\\nand/or water resources (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Increasing weather and climate \\\\nextreme events have exposed millions of people to acute foo...\",\"6; SRCCL SPM A.2.8, SRCCL SPM A.5.3; SROCC SPM A.5.4., \\\\nSROCC SPM A.7.1, SROCC SPM A.8.1, SROCC Figure SPM.2} \\\\n77 \\\\nBalanced diets feature plant-based foods, such as those based on coarse grains, legumes fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and animal-source foods produced in resilient, \\\\nsustainable and low-GHG emissions systems, as described in SRCCL. {WGII SPM Footnote 32}\\\\n78 \\\\nAcute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of ...\",\"{WGII SPM footnote 29}\\\\nIn urban settings, climate change has caused adverse impacts on \\\\nhuman health, livelihoods and key infrastructure (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nHot extremes including heatwaves have intensi\\\\ufb01ed in cities (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), where they have also worsened air pollution events \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence) and limited functioning of key infrastructure \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, \\\\nsanitation and energy systems have been compromised by extreme \\\\nand slow-o...\",\"{WGI SPM C.2.6; WGII SPM B.1.5, WGII Figure TS.9, \\\\nWGII 6 ES}\\\\nClimate change has adversely affected human physical health globally \\\\nand mental health in assessed regions (very high con\\\\ufb01dence), and is \\\\ncontributing to humanitarian crises where climate hazards interact \\\\nwith high vulnerability (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In all regions increases in \\\\nextreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence). The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and \\\\nwater-borne disease...\",\"Panel (a) The IPCC AR6 WGI inhabited regions are displayed as hexagons with identical size \\\\nin their approximate geographical location (see legend for regional acronyms). All assessments are made for each region as a whole and for the 1950s to the present. Assessments made \\\\non different time scales or more local spatial scales might differ from what is shown in the \\\\ufb01gure. The colours in each panel represent the four outcomes of the assessment on observed \\\\nchanges. Striped hexagons (white and lig...\",\"For hot extremes, the evidence \\\\nis mostly drawn from changes in metrics based on daily maximum temperatures; regional studies using other indices (heatwave duration, frequency and intensity) are used in addition. For \\\\nheavy precipitation, the evidence is mostly drawn from changes in indices based on one-day or \\\\ufb01ve-day precipitation amounts using global and regional studies. Agricultural and \\\\necological droughts are assessed based on observed and simulated changes in total column soil moisture, c...\",\"51\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 2.3). Climate change impacts on health are \\\\nmediated through natural and human systems, including economic \\\\nand social conditions and disruptions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate and \\\\nweather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, \\\\nAsia, North America (high con\\\\ufb01dence), and Central and South America \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 2.3), with small island states in the \\\\nCaribbean and South Paci\\\\ufb01c being disproportionately affec...\",\"Compound extreme events include increases in the \\\\nfrequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high con\\\\ufb01dence); \\\\ufb01re \\\\nweather in some regions (medium con\\\\ufb01dence); and compound \\\\ufb02ooding in \\\\nsome locations (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Multiple risks interact, generating \\\\nnew sources of vulnerability to climate hazards, and compounding \\\\noverall risk (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Compound climate hazards can overwhelm \\\\nadaptive capacity and substantially increase damage (high con\\\\ufb01dence)). \\\\n{WGI SPM A.3.5; WGII SPM. B.5....\",\"Individual livelihoods have been \\\\naffected through changes in agricultural productivity, impacts on human \\\\nhealth and food security, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss \\\\nof property and income, with adverse effects on gender and social equity \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Tropical cyclones have reduced economic growth in \\\\nthe short-term (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Event attribution studies and physical \\\\nunderstanding indicate that human-caused climate change increases \\\\nheavy precipitation associated wi...\",\"Cultural losses, related \\\\n80 \\\\nSee Annex 1: Glossary. \\\\n81 \\\\nGovernance: The structures, processes and actions through which private and public actors interact to address societal goals. This includes formal and informal institutions and \\\\nthe associated norms, rules, laws and procedures for deciding, managing, implementing and monitoring policies and measures at any geographic or political scale, from global \\\\nto local. {WGII SPM Footnote 31}\\\\nto tangible and intangible heritage, threaten adaptive ca...\",\"LDCs and SIDS who have much \\\\nlower per capita emissions (1.7 tCO2-eq, 4.6 tCO2-eq, respectively) than \\\\nthe global average (6.9 tCO2-eq) excluding CO2-LULUCF, also have high \\\\nvulnerability to climatic hazards, with global hotspots of high human \\\\nvulnerability observed in West-, Central- and East Africa, South Asia, \\\\nCentral and South America, SIDS and the Arctic (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nRegions and people with considerable development constraints have \\\\nhigh vulnerability to climatic hazards (high con\\\\ufb01d...\",\"Between 2010 and \\\\n2020, human mortality from \\\\ufb02oods, droughts and storms was 15 times \\\\nhigher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low \\\\nvulnerability (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In the Arctic and in some high mountain \\\\nregions, negative impacts of cryosphere change have been especially felt \\\\namong Indigenous Peoples (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Human and ecosystem \\\\nvulnerability are interdependent (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Vulnerability of \\\\necosystems and people to climate change differs substantially ...\",\"52\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nInternational climate agreements, rising national ambitions for climate action, along with rising public awareness \\\\nare accelerating efforts to address climate change at multiple levels of governance. Mitigation policies have \\\\ncontributed to a decrease in global energy and carbon intensity, with several countries achieving GHG emission \\\\nreductions for over a decade. Low-emission technologies are becoming more affordable, with many low or \\\\nzero emissions options n...\",\"The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with \\\\nnear universal participation, has led to policy development and \\\\ntarget-setting at national and sub-national levels, particularly in \\\\nrelation to mitigation but also for adaptation, as well as enhanced \\\\ntransparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). \\\\nNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), required under \\\\nthe Paris Agreement, have required countries to articulate their \\\\npriorities and ambition with respect to climate actio...\",\"In addition, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable \\\\nDevelopment, adopted in 2015 by UN member states, sets out 17 \\\\nSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and seeks to align efforts \\\\nglobally to prioritise ending extreme poverty, protect the planet and \\\\npromote more peaceful, prosperous and inclusive societies. If achieved, \\\\nthese agreements would reduce climate change, and the impacts on \\\\nhealth, well-being, migration, and con\\\\ufb02ict, among others (very high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII TS.A.1, WGII 7 ES} \\\\nSince AR5...\",\"Engaging \\\\nIndigenous Peoples and local communities using just-transition and \\\\nrights-based decision-making approaches, implemented through \\\\ncollective and participatory decision-making processes has enabled \\\\ndeeper ambition and accelerated action in different ways, and at all \\\\nscales, depending on national circumstances (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nThe media helps shape the public discourse about climate change. This \\\\ncan usefully build public support to accelerate climate action (medium \\\\nevidence, high...\",\"Mitigation Actions to Date\\\\nThere has been a consistent expansion of policies and laws \\\\naddressing mitigation since AR5 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate \\\\ngovernance supports mitigation by providing frameworks through \\\\nwhich diverse actors interact, and a basis for policy development and \\\\nimplementation (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Many regulatory and economic \\\\ninstruments have already been deployed successfully (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nBy 2020, laws primarily focussed on reducing GHG emissions existed in \\\\n56 countries...\",\"53\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nthan single policies (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining mitigation with \\\\npolicies to shift development pathways, policies that induce lifestyle or \\\\nbehaviour changes, for example, measures promoting walkable urban \\\\nareas combined with electri\\\\ufb01cation and renewable energy can create \\\\nhealth co-bene\\\\ufb01ts from cleaner air and enhanced active mobility (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Climate governance enables mitigation by providing an \\\\noverall direction, setting targets, mainstreami...\",\"Design and process innovations in \\\\ncombination with the use of digital technologies have led to \\\\nnear-commercial availability of many low or zero emissions \\\\noptions in buildings, transport and industry. From 2010-2019, \\\\nthere have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy \\\\n(by 85%), wind energy (by 55%), and lithium-ion batteries (by 85%), \\\\nand large increases in their deployment, e.g., &gt;10\\\\u00d7 for solar and &gt;100\\\\u00d7 for \\\\nelectric vehicles (EVs), albeit varying widely across regions (...\",\"Integrated design \\\\nin construction and retro\\\\ufb01t of buildings has led to increasing examples \\\\nof zero energy or zero carbon buildings. Technological innovation \\\\nmade possible the widespread adoption of LED lighting. Digital \\\\ntechnologies including sensors, the internet of things, robotics, and \\\\narti\\\\ufb01cial intelligence can improve energy management in all sectors; \\\\nthey can increase energy ef\\\\ufb01ciency, and promote the adoption of many \\\\nlow-emission technologies, including decentralised renewable energ...\",\"Annual tracked total \\\\ufb01nancial \\\\ufb02ows for climate mitigation and \\\\nadaptation increased by up to 60% between 2013/14 and 2019/20, \\\\nbut average growth has slowed since 2018 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) and \\\\nmost climate \\\\ufb01nance stays within national borders (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nMarkets for green bonds, environmental, social and governance and \\\\nsustainable \\\\ufb01nance products have expanded signi\\\\ufb01cantly since AR5 \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Investors, central banks, and \\\\ufb01nancial regulators are \\\\ndriving increased awareness of cl...\",\"By 2020, \\\\nover 20% of global GHG emissions were covered by carbon taxes or \\\\nemissions trading systems, although coverage and prices have been \\\\ninsuf\\\\ufb01cient to achieve deep reductions (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Equity and \\\\ndistributional impacts of carbon pricing instruments can be addressed \\\\nby using revenue from carbon taxes or emissions trading to support \\\\nlow-income households, among other approaches (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nThe mix of policy instruments which reduced costs and stimulated \\\\nadoption of sola...\",\"Global carbon \\\\nintensity (CO2-FFI per unit primary energy) also decreased by 0.3% \\\\nyr\\\\u20131, mainly due to fuel switching from coal to gas, reduced expansion \\\\nof coal capacity, and increased use of renewables, and with large \\\\nregional variations over the same period. In many countries, policies \\\\nhave enhanced energy ef\\\\ufb01ciency, reduced rates of deforestation and \\\\naccelerated technology deployment, leading to avoided and in some \\\\ncases reduced or removed emissions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). At least \\\\n18 countr...\",\"54\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nMarket cost, with range\\\\nAdoption (note different scales)\\\\nFossil fuel cost (2020)\\\\nPassenger \\\\nelectric vehicle \\\\nPhotovoltaics\\\\n(PV) \\\\nOnshore\\\\nwind \\\\nOffshore\\\\nwind\\\\nKey\\\\na) Market Cost\\\\nb) Market Adoption\\\\nRenewable electricity generation \\\\nis increasingly price-competitive \\\\nand some sectors are electrifying\\\\nSince AR5, the unit costs of some \\\\nforms of renewable energy and \\\\nof batteries for passenger EVs \\\\nhave fallen. \\\\nSince AR5, the installed capacity \\\\nof renewable energies...\",\"The top panel (a) shows global costs per unit of energy (USD per MWh) \\\\nfor some rapidly changing mitigation technologies. Solid blue lines indicate average unit cost in each year. Light blue shaded areas show the range between the 5th and 95th \\\\npercentiles in each year. Yellow shading indicates the range of unit costs for new fossil fuel (coal and gas) power in 2020 (corresponding to USD 55 to 148 per MWh). \\\\nIn 2020, the levelised costs of energy (LCOE) of the three renewable energy technologies...\",\"55\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nAt least 1.8 GtCO2-eq yr\\\\u20131 of avoided emissions can be accounted for \\\\nby aggregating separate estimates for the effects of economic and \\\\nregulatory instruments (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Growing numbers of \\\\nlaws and executive orders have impacted global emissions and are \\\\nestimated to have resulted in 5.9 GtCO2-eq yr\\\\u20131 of avoided emissions \\\\nin 2016 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). These reductions have only partly offset \\\\nglobal emissions growth (high confidence). {WGIII SPM B...\",\"Various tools, measures and processes are available \\\\nthat can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Growing public and political awareness of climate \\\\nimpacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities \\\\nincluding adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Decision support tools and climate services are \\\\nincreasingly being used (very high con\\\\ufb01dence) and pilot projects and \\\\nlocal experiments are being i...\",\"Some land-related adaptation actions such as sustainable \\\\nfood production, improved and sustainable forest management, \\\\nsoil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land \\\\nrestoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced \\\\nfood loss and waste are being undertaken, and can have mitigation \\\\nco-bene\\\\ufb01ts (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation actions that increase the \\\\nresilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change \\\\ninclude responses like minimising additional st...\",\"85 \\\\n See Annex I: Glossary. \\\\n86 \\\\nIrrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood bene\\\\ufb01ts, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential \\\\nadverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased soil salinization (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n87 \\\\nEbA is recognised internationally under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD14/5). A related concept is Nature-based Solutions (NbS)...\",\"{WGII SPM C1.1} \\\\nGlobally tracked adaptation \\\\ufb01nance has shown an upward trend \\\\nsince AR5, but represents only a small portion of total climate \\\\n\\\\ufb01nance, is uneven and has developed heterogeneously across \\\\nregions and sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation \\\\ufb01nance has come \\\\npredominantly from public sources, largely through grants, concessional \\\\nand non-concessional instruments (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Globally, \\\\nprivate-sector \\\\ufb01nancing of adaptation from a variety of sources such \\\\nas commercial \\\\ufb01nanci...\",\"{WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4; \\\\nWGII TS.D.1.6, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FINANCE; WGIII SPM E.5.4}\\\\nThere are adaptation options which are effective84 in reducing \\\\nclimate risks85 for speci\\\\ufb01c contexts, sectors and regions and \\\\ncontribute positively to sustainable development and other \\\\nsocietal goals. In the agriculture sector, cultivar improvements, \\\\non-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, \\\\nirrigation86, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, and farm and \\\\nlandscape l...\",\"56\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nwetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests); while afforestation and \\\\nreforestation, restoration of high-carbon ecosystems, agroforestry, and \\\\nthe reclamation of degraded soils take more time to deliver measurable \\\\nresults. Signi\\\\ufb01cant synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, \\\\nfor example through sustainable land management approaches. \\\\nAgroecological principles and practices and other approaches \\\\nthat work with natural processes support food security, ...\",\"Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and \\\\nresponse systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Effective adaptation options for water, food and \\\\nvector-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, \\\\nreducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme weather \\\\nevents, and improved early warning systems, surveillance, and vaccine \\\\ndevelopment (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation options such as \\\\ndisaster risk management, early warni...\",\"57\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\n2.3 Current Mitigation and Adaptation Actions and Policies are not Suf\\\\ufb01cient\\\\nAt the time of the present assessment88 there are gaps between global ambitions and the sum of declared \\\\nnational ambitions. These are further compounded by gaps between declared national ambitions and current \\\\nimplementation for all aspects of climate action. For mitigation, global GHG emissions in 2030 implied by NDCs \\\\nannounced by October 2021 would make it likely that warming w...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\n88 \\\\nThe timing of various cut-offs for assessment differs by WG report and the aspect assessed. See footnote 1 in Section 1.\\\\n89 \\\\nSee CSB.2 for a discussion of scenarios and pathways.\\\\n90 \\\\nSee Annex I: Glossary.\\\\n2.3.1. The Gap Between Mitigation Policies, Pledges and \\\\nPathways that Limit Warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C or Below 2\\\\u00b0C\\\\nGlobal GHG emissions in 2030 associated with the implementation \\\\nof NDCs announced prior to COP2691 would make it likely that \\\\nwarming will exceed 1.5\\\\u00b0C during the 21...\",\"Modelled pathways that are consistent \\\\nwith NDCs announced prior to COP26 until 2030 and assume no \\\\nincrease in ambition thereafter have higher emissions, leading \\\\n88 \\\\nThe timing of various cut-offs for assessment differs by WG report and the aspect assessed. See footnote 58 in Section 1.\\\\n89 \\\\nSee CSB.2 for a discussion of scenarios and pathways.\\\\n90 \\\\nSee Annex I: Glossary.\\\\n91 \\\\nNDCs announced prior to COP26 refer to the most recent NDCs submitted to the UNFCCC up to the literature cut-off date of ...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 26}\\\\n93 \\\\nIn this report, \\\\u2018unconditional\\\\u2019 elements of NDCs refer to mitigation efforts put forward without any conditions. \\\\u2018Conditional\\\\u2019 elements refer to mitigation efforts that are \\\\ncontingent on international cooperation, for example bilateral and multilateral agreements, \\\\ufb01nancing or monetary and/or technological transfers. This terminology is used in the \\\\nliterature and the UNFCCC\\\\u2019s NDC Synthesis Reports, not by the Paris Agreement. {WGIII SPM footnote 27}\\\\n94 \\\\nImplementatio...\",\"{WGIII SPM B.6, WGIII SPM B.6.1, WGIII SPM B.6.3, \\\\nWGIII SPM B.6.4, WGIII SPM C.1.1}\\\\nPolicies implemented by the end of 2020 are projected to result in \\\\nhigher global GHG emissions in 2030 than those implied by NDCs, \\\\nindicating an \\\\u2018implementation gap94\\\\u2019 (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Table 2.2, \\\\nFigure 2.5). Projected global emissions implied by policies implemented \\\\nby the end of 2020 are 57 (52\\\\u201360) GtCO2-eq in 2030 (Table 2.2). This \\\\npoints to an implementation gap compared with the NDCs of 4 to \\\\n7 GtCO2-...\",\"58\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nProjected cumulative future CO2 emissions over the lifetime of existing \\\\nfossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement95 exceed the \\\\ntotal cumulative net CO2 emissions in pathways that limit warming to \\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot. They are approximately \\\\nequal to total cumulative net CO2 emissions in pathways that limit \\\\nwarming to 2\\\\u00b0C with a likelihood of 83%96 (see Figure 3.5). Limiting \\\\nwarming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or lower will result in str...\",\"Emissions projections for 2030 and gross differences in emissions are based on emissions of 52\\\\u201356 GtCO2-eq yr\\\\u20131 in 2019 as assumed in underlying model \\\\nstudies97. (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII Table SPM.1} (Table 3.1, Cross-Section Box.2) \\\\n95 \\\\nAbatement here refers to human interventions that reduce the amount of GHGs that are released from fossil fuel infrastructure to the atmosphere. {WGIII SPM footnote 34}\\\\n96 \\\\nWGI provides carbon budgets that are in line with limiting global warming to temperatur...\",\"(medium con\\\\ufb01dence)\",\"59\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\na) Global GHG emissions\\\\nb) 2030\\\\n10\\\\n20\\\\n30\\\\n0\\\\n40\\\\n50\\\\n60\\\\n70\\\\n10\\\\n20\\\\n30\\\\n0\\\\n40\\\\n50\\\\n60\\\\n70\\\\nGHG emissions (GtCO2-eq/yr)\\\\n2020\\\\n2025\\\\n2015\\\\n2010\\\\n2030\\\\n2035\\\\n2040\\\\n2045\\\\n2050\\\\nLimit warming to 2\\\\u00baC (&gt;67%)\\\\nor 1.5 (&gt;50%) after high\\\\novershoot with NDCs until 2030\\\\nTrend from implemented policies\\\\n2019\\\\nLimit warming to\\\\n1.5\\\\u00baC (&gt;50%) with \\\\nno or limited overshoot\\\\nLimit warming \\\\nto 2\\\\u00baC (&gt;67%)\\\\nto be on-track to limit \\\\nwarming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C, \\\\nwe need much more \\\\nreduction by 2030\\\\n-4%\\\\n+5%\\\\n-26%\\\\n-43%\\\\nP...\",\"Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed modelled global pathways:\\\\n \\\\n- Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable \\\\nambition  levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios across categories C5\\\\u2013C7, WGIII Table SPM.2).\\\\n \\\\n- Limit to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or return warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030: Pathways with GHG emissions until 2030 ...\",\"60\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCross-Section Box.1: Understanding Net Zero CO2 and Net Zero GHG Emissions \\\\nLimiting human-caused global warming to a speci\\\\ufb01c level requires limiting cumulative CO2 emissions, reaching net zero or net negative \\\\nCO2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other GHG emissions (see 3.3.2). Future additional warming will depend on future emissions, \\\\nwith total warming dominated by past and future cumulative CO2 emissions. {WGI SPM D.1.1, WGI Figure SPM.4; SR1.5 SP...\",\"{WGI SPM D.1.8; WGIII Box TS.6, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 2}\\\\nAchieving global net zero GHG emissions requires all remaining CO2 and metric-weighted98 non-CO2 GHG emissions to be \\\\ncounterbalanced by durably stored CO2 removals (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Some non-CO2 emissions, such as CH4 and N2O from agriculture, \\\\ncannot be fully eliminated using existing and anticipated technical measures. {WGIII SPM C.2.4, WGIII SPM C.11.4, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 3}\\\\nGlobal net zero CO2 or GHG emissions can be achieved e...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII Box TS.6, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 3}\\\\nThe adoption and implementation of net zero emission targets by countries and regions also depend on equity and capacity \\\\nconsiderations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The formulation of net zero pathways by countries will bene\\\\ufb01t from clarity on scope, plans-of-action, and \\\\nfairness. Achieving net zero emission targets relies on policies, institutions, and milestones against which to track progress. Least-cost global \\\\nmodelled pathways have been sh...\",\"61\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nMany countries have signalled an intention to achieve net \\\\nzero GHG or net zero CO2 emissions by around mid-century \\\\n(Cross-Section Box.1). More than 100 countries have either adopted, \\\\nannounced or are discussing net zero GHG or net zero CO2 emissions \\\\ncommitments, covering more than two-thirds of global GHG emissions. \\\\nA growing number of cities are setting climate targets, including net zero \\\\nGHG targets. Many companies and institutions have also announc...\",\"Current development pathways may create behavioural, \\\\nspatial, economic and social barriers to accelerated mitigation at all \\\\nscales (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Choices made by policymakers, citizens, the \\\\nprivate sector and other stakeholders in\\\\ufb02uence societies\\\\u2019 development \\\\npathways (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Structural factors of national circumstances \\\\nand capabilities (e.g., economic and natural endowments, political \\\\nsystems and cultural factors and gender considerations) affect the \\\\nbreadth and depth of cli...\",\"Low-emission innovation along \\\\nwith strengthened enabling conditions can reinforce development \\\\nbene\\\\ufb01ts, which can, in turn, create feedbacks towards greater public \\\\nsupport for policy (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Persistent and region-speci\\\\ufb01c \\\\nbarriers also continue to hamper the economic and political feasibility \\\\nof deploying AFOLU mitigation options (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Barriers to \\\\nimplementation of AFOLU mitigation include insuf\\\\ufb01cient institutional and \\\\n\\\\ufb01nancial support, uncertainty over long-term a...\",\"Most often, maladaptation is an unintended consequence. See Annex I: Glossary.\\\\n2.3.2. Adaptation Gaps and Barriers \\\\nDespite progress, adaptation gaps exist between current \\\\nlevels of adaptation and levels needed to respond to impacts \\\\nand reduce climate risks (high con\\\\ufb01dence). While progress in \\\\nadaptation implementation is observed across all sectors and regions \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence), many adaptation initiatives prioritise immediate \\\\nand near-term climate risk reduction, e.g., through hard \\\\ufb02oo...\",\"Many funding, knowledge and practice gaps remain for effective \\\\nimplementation, monitoring and evaluation and current adaptation \\\\nefforts are not expected to meet existing goals (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAt current rates of adaptation planning and implementation the \\\\nadaptation gap will continue to grow (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.1, \\\\nWGII SPM C.1.2, WGII SPM C.4.1, WGII TS.D.1.3, WGII TS.D.1.4} \\\\nSoft and hard adaptation limits100 have already been reached in \\\\nsome sectors and regions, in spite of ad...\",\"Transitioning from incremental to \\\\ntransformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.3, WGII SPM C.3.1, WGII SPM C.3.2, \\\\nWGII SPM C.3.3, WGII SPM.C.3.4, WGII 16 ES}\\\\nAdaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with \\\\neffective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits. Losses \\\\nand damages are unequally distributed across systems, regions and \\\\nsectors and are not comprehensively addressed by current \\\\ufb01nancial, \\\\ngovernance and i...\",\"62\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\n\\\\ufb01re-adapted ecosystems, or hard defences against \\\\ufb02ooding) and human \\\\nsettlements (e.g. stranded assets and vulnerable communities that \\\\ncannot afford to shift away or adapt and require an increase in social \\\\nsafety nets). Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable \\\\ngroups adversely (e.g., Indigenous Peoples, ethnic minorities, low-income \\\\nhouseholds, people living in informal settlements), reinforcing and \\\\nentrenching existing inequities. Malada...\",\"Inequity and poverty also constrain \\\\nadaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate \\\\nexposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The \\\\nlargest adaptation gaps exist among lower income population groups \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAs adaptation options often have long implementation \\\\ntimes, long-term planning and accelerated implementation, particularly \\\\nin this decade, is important to close adaptation gaps, recognising that \\\\nconstraints remain for some regions ...\",\"Lack of Finance as a Barrier to Climate Action \\\\nInsuf\\\\ufb01cient \\\\ufb01nancing, and a lack of political frameworks and \\\\nincentives for \\\\ufb01nance, are key causes of the implementation \\\\ngaps for both mitigation and adaptation (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nFinancial \\\\ufb02ows remained heavily focused on mitigation, are \\\\nuneven, and have developed heterogeneously across regions \\\\nand sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In 2018, public and publicly mobilised \\\\nprivate climate \\\\ufb01nance \\\\ufb02ows from developed to developing countries \\\\nwere below th...\",\"Challenges \\\\nremain for green bonds and similar products, in particular around \\\\nintegrity and additionality, as well as the limited applicability of \\\\nthese markets to many developing countries (high confidence). \\\\n{WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4; WGIII SPM B.5.4, WGIII SPM E.5.1} \\\\nCurrent global \\\\ufb01nancial \\\\ufb02ows for adaptation including from public \\\\nand private \\\\ufb01nance sources, are insuf\\\\ufb01cient for and constrain \\\\nimplementation of adaptation options, especially in developing \\\\ncountries (high con\\\\ufb01dence)...\",\"{WGII SPM C.1.2, WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4, WGII TS.D.1.6} \\\\nWithout effective mitigation and adaptation, losses and damages will \\\\ncontinue to disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable \\\\npopulations. Accelerated \\\\ufb01nancial support for developing countries \\\\nfrom developed countries and other sources is a critical enabler to \\\\nenhance mitigation action {WGIII SPM. E.5.3}. Many developing \\\\ncountries lack comprehensive data at the scale needed and lack adequate \\\\n\\\\ufb01nancial resources ne...\",\"63\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCross-Section Box.2: Scenarios, Global Warming Levels, and Risks\\\\nModelled scenarios and pathways102 are used to explore future emissions, climate change, related impacts and risks, and possible mitigation and \\\\nadaptation strategies and are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options. These are quantitative \\\\nprojections and are neither predictions nor forecasts. Global modelled emission pathways, including those...\",\"Depending on levels of GHG mitigation, modelled emissions scenarios based on the SSPs can be consistent with low or high warming levels104. \\\\nThere are many different mitigation strategies that could be consistent with different levels of global warming in 2100 (see Figure 4.1). \\\\n{WGI Box SPM.1; WGII Box SPM.1; WGIII Box SPM.1, WGIII Box TS.5, WGIII Annex III; SRCCL Box SPM.1, SRCCL Figure SPM.2}\\\\nWGI assessed the climate response to \\\\ufb01ve illustrative scenarios based on SSPs105 that cover the range...\",\"The very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and \\\\nSSP1-2.6) have CO2 emissions declining to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO2 \\\\nemissions. In addition, Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)107 were used by WGI and WGII to assess regional climate changes, \\\\nimpacts and risks. {WGI Box SPM.1} (Cross-Section Box.2 Figure 1)\\\\nIn WGIII, a large number of global modelled emissions pathways were assessed, of which 1202 pathways wer...\",\"WGI primarily used the term \\\\nscenarios and WGIII mostly used the term modelled emissions and mitigation pathways. The SYR primarily uses scenarios when referring to WGI and modelled emissions and \\\\nmitigation pathways when referring to WGIII. {WGI Box SPM.1; WGIII footnote 44}\\\\n103 Around half of all modelled global emissions pathways assume cost-effective approaches that rely on least-cost mitigation/abatement options globally. The other half look \\\\nat existing policies and regionally and sectoral...\",\"{WGIII SPM C.1.4; SRCCL Box SPM.1}\\\\n105 SSP-based scenarios are referred to as SSPx-y, where \\\\u2018SSPx\\\\u2019 refers to the Shared Socio-economic Pathway describing the socioeconomic trends underlying the scenarios, and \\\\n\\\\u2018y\\\\u2019 refers to the level of radiative forcing (in watts per square metre, or Wm\\\\u20132) resulting from the scenario in the year 2100. {WGI SPM footnote 22}\\\\n106 Very high emission scenarios have become less likely but cannot be ruled out. Temperature levels &gt; 4\\\\u00b0C may result from very high emissio...\",\"64\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nGlobal Warming Levels (GWLs)\\\\nFor many climate and risk variables, the geographical patterns of changes in climatic impact-drivers110 and climate impacts for a level of global \\\\nwarming111 are common to all scenarios considered and independent of timing when that level is reached. This motivates the use of GWLs as a \\\\ndimension of integration. {WGI Box SPM.1.4, WGI TS.1.3.2; WGII Box SPM.1} (Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2)\\\\nRisks\\\\nDynamic interactions between climate-related ...\",\"65\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nwhich drives\\\\nthat change\\\\nin\\\\ufb02uence\\\\nEmissions\\\\na) AR6 integrated assessment framework on future climate, impacts and mitigation\\\\nClimate\\\\nImpacts / Risks\\\\nMitigation Policy\\\\nAdaptation Policy\\\\nSocio-economic changes\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n6\\\\n7\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\nb) Scenarios and pathways across AR6 Working Group reports\\\\nc) Determinants of risk\\\\nTemperature for SSP-based scenarios over the \\\\n21st century and C1-C8 at 2100\\\\nRisks\\\\ncan be \\\\nrepresented as \\\\n\\\\u201cburning embers\\\\u201d\\\\nC1-C8 in 2100\\\\nincreasing ri...\",\"0 \\\\nand SSP1-2.6\\\\nCategory \\\\nin WGIII\\\\nCategory description\\\\nGHG emissions scenarios\\\\n(SSPx-y*) in WGI &amp; WGII \\\\nRCPy** in\\\\nWGI &amp; WGII\\\\nC1\\\\nlimit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nwith no or limited overshoot\\\\nVery low (SSP1-1.9)\\\\nLow (SSP1-2.6) \\\\nRCP2.6\\\\nC2\\\\nreturn warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nafter a high overshoot\\\\nC3\\\\nlimit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%)\\\\nC4\\\\nlimit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nC5\\\\nlimit warming to 2.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nC6\\\\nlimit warming to 3\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nIntermediate (SSP2-4.5)\\\\nRCP 4.5\\\\nRCP 8.5\\\\nC7\\\\nlimit warming to 4\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%)\\\\nHigh (SSP3-7.0)...\",\"where \\\\u2018SSPx\\\\u2019 refers to the Shared Socio-economic Pathway or \\\\u2018SSP\\\\u2019 describing the socio-economic trends \\\\nunderlying the scenario, and \\\\u2018y\\\\u2019 refers to the approximate level of radiative forcing (in watts per square metre, or Wm\\\\u20132) resulting from the \\\\nscenario in the year 2100.\\\\n** The AR5 scenarios (RCPy), which partly inform the AR6 WGI and WGII assessments, are indexed to a similar set of approximate 2100 radiative \\\\nforcing levels (in W m-2). The SSP scenarios cover a broader range of GHG and air p...\",\"66\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCross-Section Box.2 Figure 1:\\\\u00a0Schematic of the AR6 framework for assessing future greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, \\\\nrisks, impacts and mitigation. Panel (a) The integrated framework encompasses socio-economic development and policy, emissions pathways \\\\nand global surface temperature responses to the \\\\ufb01ve scenarios considered by WGI (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) and \\\\neight global mean temperature change categorisations (C1\\\\u2013C8) asse...\",\"67\\\\nSection 3\\\\nLong-Term Climate and \\\\nDevelopment Futures\",\"68\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 3: Long-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\n3.1 Long-Term Climate Change, Impacts and Related Risks\\\\nFuture warming will be driven by future emissions and will affect all major climate system components, with \\\\nevery region experiencing multiple and co-occurring changes. Many climate-related risks are assessed to be \\\\nhigher than in previous assessments, and projected long-term impacts are up to multiple times higher than \\\\ncurrently observed. Multiple clima...\",\"Long-term Climate Change\\\\nThe uncertainty range on assessed future changes in global \\\\nsurface temperature is narrower than in the AR5. For the \\\\ufb01rst \\\\ntime in an IPCC assessment cycle, multi-model projections of global \\\\nsurface temperature, ocean warming and sea level are constrained \\\\nusing observations and the assessed climate sensitivity. The likely \\\\nrange of equilibrium climate sensitivity has been narrowed to 2.5\\\\u00b0C \\\\nto 4.0\\\\u00b0C (with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C) based on multiple lines of \\\\nevidence11...\",\"{WGI SPM B.1.1, WGI Table SPM.1, WGI Figure \\\\nSPM.4} (Cross-Section Box.2 Figure 1)\\\\nModelled pathways consistent with the continuation of policies \\\\nimplemented by the end of 2020 lead to global warming of \\\\n3.2 [2.2 to 3.5]\\\\u00b0C (5\\\\u201395% range) by 2100 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) \\\\n(see also Section 2.3.1). Pathways of &gt;4\\\\u00b0C (\\\\u226550%) by 2100 would \\\\nimply a reversal of current technology and/or mitigation policy trends \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). However, such warming could occur in emissions \\\\npathways consistent with poli...\",\"{WGIII SPM C.1.3}\\\\n112  Understanding of climate processes, the instrumental record, paleoclimates and model-based emergent constraints (see Annex I: Glossary). {WGI SPM footnote 21}\\\\n113 The best estimates [and very likely ranges] for the different scenarios are: 1.4 [1.0 to 1.8]\\\\u00b0C (SSP1-1.9); 1.8 [1.3 to 2.4]\\\\u00b0C (SSP1-2.6); 2.7 [2.1 to 3.5]\\\\u00b0C (SSP2-4.5); 3.6 [2.8 to 4.6]\\\\u00b0C \\\\n(SSP3-7.0); and 4.4 [3.3 to 5.7]\\\\u00b0C (SSP5-8.5). {WGI Table SPM.1} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\n114 In the near term (2021\\\\u20132040), the...\",\"In all scenarios considered by WGI except the very high emissions scenario, the midpoint of the \\\\n\\\\ufb01rst 20-year running average period during which the assessed global warming reaches 1.5\\\\u00b0C lies in the \\\\ufb01rst half of the 2030s. In the very high GHG emissions scenario, this \\\\nmid-point is in the late 2020s. The median \\\\ufb01ve-year interval at which a 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming level is reached (50% probability) in categories of modelled pathways considered \\\\nin WGIII is 2030\\\\u20132035. {WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI Cross-Secti...\",\"The best estimate of reaching 1.5\\\\u00b0C of global \\\\nwarming lies in the \\\\ufb01rst half of the 2030s in most of the considered \\\\nscenarios and modelled pathways114. In the very low GHG emissions \\\\nscenario (SSP1-1.9), CO2 emissions reach net zero around 2050 and the \\\\nbest-estimate end-of-century warming is 1.4\\\\u00b0C, after a temporary overshoot \\\\n(see Section 3.3.4) of no more than 0.1\\\\u00b0C above 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming. \\\\nGlobal warming of 2\\\\u00b0C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless \\\\ndeep reductions in CO2 and ...\",\"69\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\npolicies limit this additional warming and lead to strong bene\\\\ufb01ts \\\\nfor air quality (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In high and very high GHG \\\\nemissions scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5), combined changes \\\\nin SLCF emissions, such as CH4, aerosol and ozone precursors, lead to a \\\\nnet global warming by 2100 of likely 0.4\\\\u00b0C to 0.9\\\\u00b0C relative to 2019. \\\\nThis is due to projected increases in atmospheric concentration of CH4, \\\\ntropospheric ozone, hydro\\\\ufb02uorocarbons...\",\"{WGI SPM D.1.7, WGI Box TS.7} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nContinued GHG emissions will further affect all major climate \\\\nsystem components, and many changes will be irreversible on \\\\ncentennial to millennial time scales. Many changes in the climate \\\\nsystem become larger in direct relation to increasing global warming. \\\\nWith every additional increment of global warming, changes in \\\\nextremes continue to become larger. Additional warming will lead to \\\\nmore frequent and intense marine heatwaves and is proj...\",\"The portion \\\\nof global land experiencing detectable changes in seasonal mean \\\\nprecipitation is projected to increase (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) with more \\\\nvariable precipitation and surface water \\\\ufb02ows over most land regions \\\\nwithin seasons (high con\\\\ufb01dence) and from year to year (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Many changes due to past and future GHG emissions are \\\\nirreversible118 on centennial to millennial time scales, especially in the \\\\nocean, ice sheets and global sea level (see 3.1.3). Ocean acidi\\\\ufb01cation \\\\n(virt...\",\"Increases in hot and decreases in \\\\ncold climatic impact-drivers, such as temperature extremes, are \\\\nprojected in all regions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). At 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming, \\\\nheavy precipitation and \\\\ufb02ooding events are projected to intensify \\\\nand become more frequent in most regions in Africa, Asia (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), North America (medium to high con\\\\ufb01dence) and Europe \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). At 2\\\\u00b0C or above, these changes expand to more \\\\nregions and/or become more signi\\\\ufb01cant (high con\\\\ufb01dence), and more \\\\nfr...\",\"70\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n2011-2020 was \\\\naround 1.1\\\\u00b0C warmer \\\\nthan 1850-1900\\\\nthe last time global surface temperature was sustained \\\\nat or above 2.5\\\\u00b0C was over 3 million years ago\\\\n4\\\\u00b0C\\\\nThe world at\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C\\\\nThe world at\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C\\\\n+\\\\n+\\\\n1\\\\n0\\\\nThe world at\\\\n3\\\\u00b0C\\\\nThe world at\\\\nsmall absolute \\\\nchanges may \\\\nappear large as \\\\n% or \\\\u03c3 changes \\\\nin dry regions\\\\nurbanisation \\\\nfurther intensifies \\\\nheat extremes\\\\nc) Annual wettest-day precipitation change\\\\nGlobal warming level (GWL) above 1850-1900\\\\na) Annual hottest-day t...\",\"Simulated (a) annual maximum temperature change (\\\\u00b0C), (b) annual mean total column \\\\nsoil moisture (standard deviation), (c) annual maximum daily precipitation change (%). Changes correspond to CMIP6 multi-model median changes. In panels (b) and (c), large \\\\npositive relative changes in dry regions may correspond to small absolute changes. In panel (b), the unit is the standard deviation of interannual variability in soil moisture during \\\\n1850-1900. Standard deviation is a widely used metric in ch...\",\"71\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.1.2 Impacts and Related Risks\\\\nFor a given level of warming, many climate-related risks are \\\\nassessed to be higher than in AR5 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Levels of \\\\nrisk120 for all Reasons for Concern121 (RFCs) are assessed to become high \\\\nto very high at lower global warming levels compared to what was \\\\nassessed in AR5 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). This is based upon recent evidence \\\\nof observed impacts, improved process understanding, and new \\\\nknowledge on ex...\",\"Climate-related risks to health, \\\\nlivelihoods, food security, water supply, human security, and economic \\\\ngrowth are projected to increase with global warming of 1.5\\\\u00b0C. In \\\\nterrestrial ecosystems, 3 to 14% of the tens of thousands of species \\\\nassessed will likely face a very high risk of extinction at a GWL of 1.5\\\\u00b0C. \\\\nCoral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% at 1.5\\\\u00b0C of \\\\nglobal warming (high con\\\\ufb01dence). At this GWL, many low-elevation \\\\nand small glaciers around the world would lo...\",\"{WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII TS.C.4.2; SR1.5 SPM A.3, \\\\nSR1.5 SPM B.4.2, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.5.1} (Figure 3.3)\\\\nAt 2\\\\u00b0C of global warming, overall risk levels associated with the unequal \\\\ndistribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4) and \\\\nlarge-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), those associated with extreme weather events (RFC2) would \\\\nbe transitioning to very high (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and those associated \\\\nwith unique an...\",\"{WGII Figure SPM.3}\\\\n121 The Reasons for Concern (RFC) framework communicates scienti\\\\ufb01c understanding about accrual of risk for \\\\ufb01ve broad categories (WGII Figure SPM.3). RFC1: Unique and \\\\nthreatened systems: ecological and human systems that have restricted geographic ranges constrained by climate-related conditions and have high endemism or other distinctive \\\\nproperties. Examples include coral reefs, the Arctic and its Indigenous Peoples, mountain glaciers and biodiversity hotspots. RFC2: Extrem...\",\"For further explanations of global \\\\nrisk levels and Reasons for Concern, see WGII TS.AII. {WGII Figure SPM.3}\\\\nchanges in food availability and diet quality are estimated to increase \\\\nnutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people, \\\\naffecting tens (under low vulnerability and low warming) to hundreds of \\\\nmillions of people (under high vulnerability and high warming), particularly \\\\namong low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in \\\\nsub-Saharan Africa, South Asi...\",\"For example, very high extinction risk for endemic \\\\nspecies in biodiversity hotspots is projected to increase at least tenfold \\\\nif warming rises from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Projected \\\\nincreases in direct \\\\ufb02ood damages are higher by 1.4 to 2 times at 2\\\\u00b0C \\\\nand 2.5 to 3.9 times at 3\\\\u00b0C, compared to 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming without \\\\nadaptation (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII SPM B.4.2, \\\\nWGII Figure SPM.3, WGII TS Appendix AII, WGII Appendix I Global to \\\\nRegional Atlas Figure AI.46} (Fi...\",\"72\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nProjected adverse impacts and related losses and damages from \\\\nclimate change escalate with every increment of global warming \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence), but they will also strongly depend on \\\\nsocio-economic development trajectories and adaptation actions \\\\nto reduce vulnerability and exposure (high con\\\\ufb01dence). For \\\\nexample, development pathways with higher demand for food, animal \\\\nfeed, and water, more resource-intensive consumption and production, \\\\nand limited techn...\",\"Many regions are projected to experience an increase in \\\\nthe probability of compound events with higher global warming, such \\\\nas concurrent heatwaves and droughts, compound \\\\ufb02ooding and \\\\ufb01re \\\\nweather. In addition, multiple climatic and non-climatic risk drivers \\\\nsuch as biodiversity loss or violent con\\\\ufb02ict will interact, resulting \\\\nin compounding overall risk and risks cascading across sectors and \\\\nregions. Furthermore, risks can arise from some responses that are \\\\nintended to reduce the risks of ...\",\"SRM has the potential to offset warming within one or two decades \\\\nand ameliorate some climate hazards but would not restore climate to \\\\na previous state, and substantial residual or overcompensating climate \\\\nchange would occur at regional and seasonal scales (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nEffects of SRM would depend on the speci\\\\ufb01c approach used122, and \\\\na sudden and sustained termination of SRM in a high CO2 emissions \\\\nscenario would cause rapid climate change (high con\\\\ufb01dence). SRM \\\\nwould not stop atmosphe...\",\"73\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nc1) Maize yield4\\\\nc2) Fisheries yield5\\\\nChanges (%) in \\\\nmaximum catch \\\\npotential\\\\nChanges (%) in yield\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n-20\\\\n-10\\\\n-3\\\\n-30\\\\n-25\\\\n-15\\\\n-35%\\\\n+20\\\\n+30\\\\n+35%\\\\n+10\\\\n+3\\\\n+25\\\\n+15\\\\n1\\\\n0 days\\\\n300\\\\n100\\\\n200\\\\n10\\\\n150\\\\n250\\\\n50\\\\n365 days\\\\n0.1\\\\n0%\\\\n80\\\\n10\\\\n40\\\\n1\\\\n20\\\\n60\\\\n5\\\\n100%\\\\nAreas with model disagreement\\\\nExamples of impacts without additional adaptation\\\\n2.4 \\\\u2013 3.1\\\\u00b0C\\\\n4.2 \\\\u2013 5.4\\\\u00b0C\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C\\\\n3.0\\\\u00b0C\\\\n1.7 \\\\u2013 2.3\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0.9 \\\\u2013 2.0\\\\u00b0C\\\\n3.4 \\\\u2013 5.2\\\\u00b0C\\\\n1.6 \\\\u2013 2.4\\\\u00b0C\\\\n3.3 \\\\u2013 4.8\\\\u00b0C\\\\n3.9 \\\\u2013 6.0\\\\u00b0C\\\\n2.0\\\\u00b0C\\\\n4.0\\\\u00b0C\\\\nPercentage...\",\"Models do not represent changes in \\\\ufb01shing activities and some extreme climatic \\\\nconditions. Projected changes in the Arctic regions have low con\\\\ufb01dence due to uncertainties associated with modelling multiple interacting \\\\ndrivers and ecosystem responses.\\\\n4Projected regional impacts re\\\\ufb02ect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 \\\\nenhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. Models assume that irrigated areas ...\",\"74\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nFigure 3.2: Projected risks and impacts of climate change on natural and human systems at different global warming levels (GWLs) relative to 1850-1900 levels. \\\\nProjected risks and impacts shown on the maps are based on outputs from different subsets of Earth system models that were used to project each impact indicator without \\\\nadditional adaptation. WGII provides further assessment of the impacts on human and natural systems using these projections and additiona...\",\"Interquartile ranges of WGLs by 2081\\\\u20132100 \\\\nunder RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The presented index is consistent with common features found in many indices included within WGI and WGII assessments. (c) Impacts \\\\non food production: (c1) Changes in maize yield at projected GWLs of 1.6\\\\u00b0C to 2.4\\\\u00b0C (2.0\\\\u00b0C), 3.3\\\\u00b0C to 4.8\\\\u00b0C (4.1\\\\u00b0C) and 3.9\\\\u00b0C to 6.0\\\\u00b0C (4.9\\\\u00b0C). Median yield changes \\\\nfrom an ensemble of 12 crop models, each driven by bias-adjusted outputs from 5 Earth system models from the Agricultural Mode...\",\"Hatching indicates areas where &lt;70% of the climate-crop model \\\\ncombinations agree on the sign of impact. (c2) Changes in maximum \\\\ufb01sheries catch potential by 2081\\\\u20132099 relative to 1986-2005 at projected GWLs of 0.9\\\\u00b0C to 2.0\\\\u00b0C (1.5\\\\u00b0C) \\\\nand 3.4\\\\u00b0C to 5.2\\\\u00b0C (4.3\\\\u00b0C). GWLs by 2081\\\\u20132100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. Hatching indicates where the two climate-\\\\ufb01sheries models disagree in the direction of change. Large \\\\nrelative changes in low yielding regions may correspond to small absolute changes. Biodiversit...\",\"75\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSalt\\\\nmarshes\\\\nRocky\\\\nshores\\\\nSeagrass\\\\nmeadows\\\\nEpipelagic\\\\nWarm-water\\\\ncorals\\\\nKelp\\\\nforests\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nGlobal surface temperature change\\\\nrelative to 1850\\\\u20131900\\\\nGlobal Reasons for Concern (RFCs) \\\\nin AR5 (2014) vs. AR6 (2022)\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n\\\\u20131\\\\n2000 2015\\\\n2050\\\\n2100\\\\n1\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\nvery low\\\\nlow\\\\nintermediate\\\\nhigh\\\\nvery high\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\ndamage\\\\nWild\\\\ufb01re\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\nDryland...\",\"increase in the \\\\nlength of \\\\ufb01re season\\\\ne.g. over 100 million \\\\nadditional people \\\\nexposed\\\\n0\\\\n\\\\u20131\\\\n1950\\\\n2000 2015\\\\n2050\\\\n1\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n50\\\\n100\\\\n0\\\\n75\\\\n25\\\\nResource-rich\\\\ncoastal cities\\\\nLarge tropical\\\\nagricultural\\\\ndeltas\\\\nArctic\\\\ncommunities\\\\nUrban\\\\natoll islands\\\\nr\\\\nR\\\\nMaximum potential\\\\nresponse\\\\nNo-to-moderate\\\\nresponse\\\\nr\\\\nR\\\\nr\\\\nR\\\\nr\\\\nR\\\\nr\\\\nR\\\\nGlobal mean sea level rise relative to 1900\\\\n50\\\\n100\\\\n0\\\\n1950\\\\n2000\\\\n2050\\\\n2100\\\\n75\\\\n25\\\\ncm\\\\ncm\\\\nvery high\\\\nhigh\\\\nintermediate\\\\nlow\\\\nvery low\\\\nc) Risks to coastal geographies increase with sea level rise and...\",\"coral \\\\nreefs decline \\\\n&gt;99%\\\\ne.g. coral \\\\nreefs decline \\\\nby 70\\\\u201390%\\\\nLand-based systems\\\\nOcean/coastal ecosystems\\\\nFood insecurity\\\\n(availability, access)\\\\na) High risks are now assessed to occur at lower global warming levels\\\\nThe SSP1 pathway illustrates \\\\na world with low population \\\\ngrowth, high income, and \\\\nreduced inequalities, food \\\\nproduced in low GHG \\\\nemission systems, effective \\\\nland use regulation and high \\\\nadaptive capacity (i.e., low \\\\nchallenges to adaptation). \\\\nThe SSP3 pathway has the \\\\noppos...\",\"76\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\nEurope -Risks to people, economies and infrastructures due to coastal and inland \\\\ufb02ooding\\\\n-Stress and mortality to people due to increasing temperatures and heat extremes\\\\n-Marine and terrestrial ecosystems disruptions\\\\n-Water scarcity to multiple interconnected sectors\\\\n-Losses in crop production, due to compound heat and dry conditions, and extreme \\\\nweather\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\n-Loss of terrestrial, marin...\",\"risk to food security and economic disruption due to \\\\ndestruction of settlements and infrastructure\\\\n-Economic decline and livelihood failure of \\\\ufb01sheries, agriculture, tourism and from \\\\nbiodiversity loss from traditional agroecosystems \\\\n-Reduced habitability of reef and non-reef islands leading to increased displacement\\\\n-Risk to water security in almost every small island \\\\nAfrica -Species extinction and reduction or irreversible loss of ecosystems and their services, \\\\nincluding freshwater, land a...\",\"especially in coastal cities and settlements\\\\n-Biodiversity loss and habitat shifts as well as associated disruptions in dependent \\\\nhuman systems across freshwater, land, and ocean ecosystems\\\\n-More frequent, extensive coral bleaching and subsequent coral mortality induced by \\\\nocean warming and acidi\\\\ufb01cation, sea level rise, marine heat waves and resource \\\\nextraction\\\\n-Decline in coastal \\\\ufb01shery resources due to sea level rise, decrease in precipitation in \\\\nsome parts and increase in temperature\\\\n-Ris...\",\"and degraded water quality \\\\n-Risk to food and nutritional security through changes in agriculture, livestock, hunting, \\\\n\\\\ufb01sheries, and aquaculture productivity and access\\\\n-Risks to well-being, livelihoods and economic activities from cascading and \\\\ncompounding climate hazards, including risks to coastal cities, settlements and \\\\ninfrastructure from sea level rise\\\\nDelayed\\\\nimpacts of\\\\nsea level\\\\nrise in the\\\\nMediterranean\\\\nFood\\\\nproduction\\\\nfrom crops,\\\\n\\\\ufb01sheries and\\\\nlivestock\\\\nin Africa\\\\nMortality and\\\\nmorbid...\",\"The development of synthetic diagrams for Small \\\\nIslands, Asia and Central and South America was limited due to the paucity of adequately downscaled climate projections, with \\\\nuncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and \\\\nthe resulting few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\\\\nThe risks listed are of at least medium con\\\\ufb01dence level:\",\"77\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nFigure 3.3: Synthetic risk diagrams of global and sectoral assessments and examples of regional key risks. The burning embers result from a literature based \\\\nexpert elicitation. Panel (a): Left - Global surface temperature changes in \\\\u00b0C relative to 1850\\\\u20131900. These changes were obtained by combining CMIP6 model simulations with \\\\nobservational constraints based on past simulated warming, as well as an updated assessment of equilibrium climate...\",\"Lines connect the midpoints of the transition from moderate to high risk across AR5 and AR6. Panel (b): Risks for \\\\nland-based systems and ocean/coastal ecosystems. Diagrams shown for each risk assume low to no adaptation. Text bubbles indicate examples of impacts at a given warming level. \\\\nPanel (c): Left - Global mean sea level change in centimetres, relative to 1900. The historical changes (black) are observed by tide gauges before 1992 and altimeters afterwards. \\\\nThe future changes to 2100 (c...\",\"\\\\u201cNo-to-moderate response\\\\u201d describes efforts as of today (i.e., no further signi\\\\ufb01cant action or new types of actions). \\\\n\\\\u201cMaximum potential response\\\\u201d represents a combination of responses implemented to their full extent and thus signi\\\\ufb01cant additional efforts compared to today, assuming minimal \\\\n\\\\ufb01nancial, social and political barriers. The assessment criteria include exposure and vulnerability (density of assets, level of degradation of terrestrial and marine buffer ecosystems), \\\\ncoastal hazards (...\",\"Right - Risks associated with food security due to climate change and patterns of socio-economic development. Risks to food security include availability and \\\\naccess to food, including population at risk of hunger, food price increases and increases in disability adjusted life years attributable to childhood underweight. Risks are assessed \\\\nfor two contrasted socio-economic pathways (SSP1 and SSP3) excluding the effects of targeted mitigation and adaptation policies. Panel (e): Examples of regio...\",\"As warming levels increase, so do the risks of species extinction or \\\\nirreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems such as forests (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), coral reefs (very high con\\\\ufb01dence) and in Arctic regions \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Risks associated with large-scale singular events \\\\nor tipping points, such as ice sheet instability or ecosystem loss from \\\\ntropical forests, transition to high risk between 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 2.5\\\\u00b0C (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence) and to very high risk between 2.5\\\\u00b0C to  4\\\\u00b0C (low con\\\\ufb01dence). ...\",\"Global mean sea level rise will continue in the 21st \\\\ncentury (virtually certain), with projected regional relative sea level rise \\\\nwithin 20% of the global mean along two-thirds of the global coastline \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). The magnitude, the rate, the timing of threshold \\\\nexceedances, and the long-term commitment of sea level rise depend \\\\non emissions, with higher emissions leading to greater and faster rates \\\\nof sea level rise. Due to relative sea level rise, extreme sea level events \\\\nthat occ...\",\"Over the next 2000 years, global mean sea level will rise by about \\\\n2 to 3 m if warming is limited to 1.5\\\\u00b0C and 2 to 6 m if limited to 2\\\\u00b0C \\\\n(low con\\\\ufb01dence). Projections of multi-millennial global mean sea level \\\\nrise are consistent with reconstructed levels during past warm climate \\\\nperiods: global mean sea level was very likely 5 to 25 m higher than today \\\\nroughly 3 million years ago, when global temperatures were 2.5\\\\u00b0C to \\\\n4\\\\u00b0C higher than 1850\\\\u20131900 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Further examples \\\\nof unav...\",\"78\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nimpacts on populations in low elevation coastal zones. If global \\\\nwarming increases, some compound extreme events124 will \\\\nbecome more frequent, with higher likelihood of unprecedented \\\\nintensities, durations or spatial extent (high confidence). The \\\\nAtlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is very likely to weaken \\\\nover the 21st century for all considered scenarios (high con\\\\ufb01dence), \\\\nhowever an abrupt collapse is not expected before 2100 (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). ...\",\"At higher levels \\\\nof warming, losses and damages will increase, and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation \\\\nlimits. Integrated, cross-cutting multi-sectoral solutions increase the effectiveness of adaptation. Maladaptation \\\\ncan create lock-ins of vulnerability, exposure and risks but can be avoided by long-term planning and the \\\\nimplementation of adaptation actions that are \\\\ufb02exible, multi-sectoral and inclusive. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\nThe effectiveness of adaptation to reduce clima...\",\"Globally, adaptation options related \\\\nto agroforestry and forestry have a sharp decline in effectiveness at 3\\\\u00b0C, \\\\nwith a substantial increase in residual risk (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.10, \\\\nWGII Figure TS.6 Panel (e), 4.7.2} \\\\nWith increasing global warming, more limits to adaptation will be \\\\nreached and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among the \\\\npoorest vulnerable populations, will increase (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAlready below 1.5\\\\u00b0C, a...\",\"Above 1.5\\\\u00b0C global \\\\nwarming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits \\\\nfor small islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow melt \\\\n124 See Annex I: Glossary. Examples of compound extreme events are concurrent heatwaves and droughts or compound \\\\ufb02ooding. {WGI SPM Footnote 18}\\\\n125 There are limitations to assessing the full scope of adaptation options available in the future since not all possible future adaptation responses can be incorporated in climate \\\\nimpact mode...\",\"For example, inclusive, integrated \\\\nand long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national \\\\nscales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems \\\\nand \\\\ufb01nancial and technological resources and capabilities foster \\\\nurban and rural system transition. There are a range of cross-cutting \\\\nadaptation options, such as disaster risk management, early warning \\\\nsystems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing that have \\\\nbroad applicability across sectors and provide great...\",\"79\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nlong-term planning and implementation of adaptation actions with \\\\nbene\\\\ufb01ts to many sectors and systems. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM C.4, \\\\nWGII SPM.C.4.1, WGII SPM C.4.2, WGII SPM C.4.3}\\\\nSea level rise poses a distinctive and severe adaptation challenge \\\\nas it implies both dealing with slow onset changes and increases \\\\nin the frequency and magnitude of extreme sea level events (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Such adaptation challenges would occur much earli...\",\"80\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n2020\\\\n2100\\\\n2050\\\\n2150\\\\nEcosystem-based adaptation\\\\nSediment-based protection\\\\nElevating houses\\\\nProtect levees\\\\nProtect barriers\\\\nPlanned relocation\\\\n\\\\u224830 years\\\\n\\\\u224850 years\\\\n\\\\u2265100 years\\\\n\\\\u2248100 years\\\\n\\\\u224815 years\\\\n\\\\u224815 years\\\\nIndicative time for planning and implementation\\\\nTypical intended lifetime of measures\\\\nLong-living \\\\nsocietal \\\\nlegacy\\\\n0\\\\n1m\\\\n2m\\\\n3m\\\\n0\\\\n1m\\\\n2m\\\\n4m\\\\n5m\\\\n6m\\\\n7m\\\\n3m\\\\n4m\\\\n5m\\\\n15m\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\n1950\\\\n1900\\\\n2100\\\\n2050\\\\n2150\\\\n2300\\\\nSea level rise \\\\ngreater than 15m \\\\ncannot be ruled \\\\nout with very...\",\"Losses of coastal \\\\necosystems and \\\\necosystem services \\\\nGroundwater \\\\nsalinisation \\\\nFlooding and damages \\\\nto coastal infrastructure\\\\nGlobal sea level rise \\\\nin meters relative to 1900\\\\nsea level \\\\nrise by 2100 \\\\ndepends on \\\\nthe emissions \\\\nscenario\\\\nthis can be chronic high \\\\ntide flooding and extreme \\\\nflooding during storms\\\\nlikely \\\\nranges \\\\nof sea \\\\nlevel rise\\\\nvery low\\\\nlow\\\\nintermediate\\\\nhigh\\\\nvery high\\\\nlow emissions scenario range\\\\nvery high emissions scenario range\\\\na) Sea level rise: observations and project...\",\"81\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nFigure 3.4: Observed and projected global mean sea level change and its impacts, and time scales of coastal risk management. Panel (a): Global mean sea \\\\nlevel change in metres relative to 1900. The historical changes (black) are observed by tide gauges before 1992 and altimeters afterwards. The future changes to 2100 and for \\\\n2150 (coloured lines and shading) are assessed consistently with observational constraints based on emulation of CMIP...\",\"Changes relative to 1900 are calculated by adding 0.158 \\\\nm (observed global mean sea level rise from 1900 to 1995-2014) to simulated changes relative to 1995-2014. The future changes to 2300 (bars) are based on literature assessment, \\\\nrepresenting the 17th\\\\u201383rd percentile range for SSP1-2.6 (0.3 to 3.1 m) and SSP5-8.5 (1.7 to 6.8 m). Red dashed lines: Low-likelihood, high-impact storyline, including ice sheet \\\\ninstability processes. These indicate the potential impact of deeply uncertain process...\",\"82\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.3 Mitigation Pathways\\\\nLimiting human-caused global warming requires net zero anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Pathways consistent \\\\nwith 1.5\\\\u00b0C and 2\\\\u00b0C carbon budgets imply rapid, deep, and in most cases immediate GHG emission reductions in \\\\nall sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Exceeding a warming level and returning (i.e. overshoot) implies increased risks \\\\nand potential irreversible impacts; achieving and sustaining global net negative CO2 emissions would reduce \\\\nwarming ...\",\"The stronger the reductions in non-CO2 emissions the lower the \\\\nresulting temperatures are for a given RCB or the larger RCB for the \\\\nsame level of temperature change. For instance, the RCB for limiting \\\\nwarming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with a 50% likelihood could vary between 300 to \\\\n600 GtCO2 depending on non-CO2 warming129. Limiting warming to 2\\\\u00b0C \\\\nwith a 67% (or 83%) likelihood would imply a RCB of 1150 (900) GtCO2 \\\\nfrom the beginning of 2020. To stay below 2\\\\u00b0C with a 50% likelihood, \\\\nthe RCB is higher, i.e...\",\"Most countries report their anthropogenic \\\\nland CO2 \\\\ufb02uxes including \\\\ufb02uxes due to human-caused environmental change (e.g., CO2 fertilisation) on \\\\u2018managed\\\\u2019 land in their National GHG inventories. Using emissions \\\\nestimates based on these inventories, the remaining carbon budgets must be correspondingly reduced. {WGIII SPM Footnote 9, WGIII TS.3, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 6}\\\\n129 The central case RCB assumes future non-CO2 warming (the net additional contribution of aerosols and non-CO2 GHG) of around...\",\"{WGI SPM D.1.3}\\\\n131 Uncertainties for total carbon budgets have not been assessed and could affect the speci\\\\ufb01c calculated fractions. \\\\n132 See footnote 131. \\\\n133 These projected adjustments of carbon sinks to stabilisation or decline of atmospheric CO2 concentrations are accounted for in calculations of remaining carbon budgets. \\\\n{WGI SPM footnote 32}\\\\nIf the annual CO2 emissions between 2020\\\\u20132030 stayed, on average, \\\\nat the same level as 2019, the resulting cumulative emissions would \\\\nalmost exha...\",\"While \\\\nnatural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up, in absolute \\\\nterms, a progressively larger amount of CO2 under higher compared to \\\\nlower CO2 emissions scenarios, they become less effective, that is, the \\\\nproportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with \\\\nincreasing cumulative net CO2 emissions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Additional \\\\necosystem responses to warming not yet fully included in climate models, \\\\nsuch as GHG \\\\ufb02uxes from wetlands, permafrost thaw, and wild\\\\ufb01res, ...\",\"83\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n0\\\\n1000\\\\n500\\\\n1500\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\na) Carbon budgets and emissions\\\\nLifetime emissions from fossil fuel \\\\ninfrastructure without additional abatement, \\\\nif historical operating patterns are maintained\\\\n2020\\\\u20132030 CO2 emissions \\\\nassuming constant at 2019 level\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50% chance)\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C (83% chance)\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67% chance)\\\\nExisting\\\\nExisting and\\\\n planned\\\\nHistorical emissions 1850-2019\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C\\\\n(83%)\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C\\\\n(&gt;50%)\\\\nCarbon budgets\\\\n1000\\\\n0\\\\n2000\\\\nRemaining \\\\ncarbon budgets\\\\ndifere...\",\"Panel (a) Assessed remaining carbon budgets to limit \\\\nwarming more likely than not to 1.5\\\\u00b0C, to 2\\\\u00b0C with a 83% and 67% likelihood, compared to cumulative emissions corresponding to constant 2019 emissions until 2030, existing and \\\\nplanned fossil fuel infrastructures (in GtCO2). For remaining carbon budgets, thin lines indicate the uncertainty due to the contribution of non-CO2 warming. For lifetime emissions from \\\\nfossil fuel infrastructure, thin lines indicate the assessed sensitivity range. Pa...\",\"84\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2030 \\\\n43 \\\\n[34-60]\\\\n41 \\\\n[31-59]\\\\n48 \\\\n[35-61]\\\\n23 \\\\n[0-44]\\\\n21 \\\\n[1-42]\\\\n27 \\\\n[13-45]\\\\n5 \\\\n[0-14]\\\\n10  \\\\n[0-27]\\\\n2040\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2050 \\\\n84 \\\\n[73-98]\\\\n85 \\\\n[72-100]\\\\n84 \\\\n[76-93]\\\\n75 \\\\n[62-91]\\\\n64 \\\\n[53-77]\\\\n63 \\\\n[52-76]\\\\n68 \\\\n[56-83]\\\\n49  \\\\n[35-65]\\\\n29\\\\n[11-48]\\\\n5\\\\n[-2 to 18]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2050-2055 (100%) \\\\n[2035-2070]\\\\n2055-2060 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2045-2070]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(93%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]...\",\"]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]\\\\n2080-2085\\\\n(86%)\\\\n[2065-.]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nGHGs\\\\n(5) \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2095-2100 \\\\n(52%) \\\\n[2050-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2050-2090]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(0%) \\\\n[.-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(87%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(30%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-. \\\\n(24%) \\\\n[2080-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(41%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(31%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n \\\\n2020 to \\\\nnet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n510 \\\\n[330-710]\\\\n550 \\\\n[340-760]\\\\n460 \\\\n[320-590]\\\\n720 \\\\n[530-930]\\\\n890 \\\\n[640-1160]\\\\n860 \\\\n[640-1180]\\\\n910 \\\\n[720-1150]\\\\n1210\\\\n[970-1490]\\\\n1780\\\\n[1400-2360]\\\\n2020\\\\u2013\\\\n2100 \\\\n320 \\\\n[-2...\",\"6 \\\\n1.6 \\\\n1.6 \\\\n1.7\\\\n \\\\n1.7 \\\\n1.7 \\\\n1.8 \\\\n1.9\\\\n2100\\\\n \\\\n1.3 \\\\n1.2 \\\\n1.4 \\\\n1.4\\\\n1.6 \\\\n1.6 \\\\n1.6 \\\\n1.8\\\\n \\\\nLikelihood \\\\nof peak \\\\nglobal \\\\nwarming \\\\nstaying \\\\nbelow (%) \\\\no\\\\n \\\\n&lt;1.5\\\\u00b0C \\\\n38 \\\\n[33-58]\\\\n38 \\\\n[34-60]\\\\n37 \\\\n[33-56]\\\\n24 \\\\n[15-42]\\\\n20 \\\\n[13-41]\\\\n21 \\\\n[14-42]\\\\n17 \\\\n[12-35]\\\\n11\\\\n[7-22]\\\\n&lt;2.0\\\\u00b0C \\\\n90 \\\\n[86-97]\\\\n90 \\\\n[85-97]\\\\n89 \\\\n[87-96]\\\\n82 \\\\n[71-93]\\\\n76 \\\\n[68-91]\\\\n78 \\\\n[69-91]\\\\n73 \\\\n[67-87]\\\\n59\\\\n[50-77]\\\\n&lt;3.0\\\\u00b0C \\\\n100 \\\\n[99-100]\\\\n100 \\\\n[99-100]\\\\n100 \\\\n[99-100]\\\\n100 \\\\n[99-100]\\\\n99 \\\\n[98-100]\\\\n100 \\\\n[98-100]\\\\n99 \\\\n[98-99]\\\\n98\\\\n91\\\\n \\\\n[95-99]\\\\n p50\\\\n[p5-p95] (1)\\\\nGHG emissio...\",\"with the 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets. \\\\nPercentage of net zero \\\\npathways is denoted in \\\\nround brackets. \\\\nThree dots (\\\\u2026) denotes net \\\\nzero not reached for that \\\\npercentile.\\\\nMedian cumulative net CO2 \\\\nemissions across the \\\\nprojected scenarios in this \\\\ncategory until reaching \\\\nnet-zero or until 2100, with \\\\nthe 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets.\\\\nProjected temperature \\\\nchange of pathways in this \\\\ncategory (50% probability \\\\nacross the range of climate \\\\nuncertainties)...\",\"The five illustrative scenarios \\\\n(SSPx-yy) considered by AR6 \\\\nWGI and the Illustrative \\\\n(Mitigation) Pathways \\\\nassessed in WGIII are \\\\naligned with the tempera-\\\\nture categories and are \\\\nindicated in a separate \\\\ncolumn. Global emission \\\\npathways contain regionally \\\\ndifferentiated information. \\\\nThis assessment focuses on \\\\ntheir global characteristics.\\\\n-.\\\\n(41%)\\\\n[2080-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(12%) \\\\n[2090-.]\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\nno\\\\npeaking\\\\nby 2100\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\n1780\\\\n[1260-2360]\\\\n2790\\\\n[2440-3520]\\\\n[1.4-1.6]\\\\n[1.4-1.6]\\\\n[1...\",\"1-1.5]\\\\n[1.1-1.4]\\\\n[1.3-1.5]\\\\n[1.2-1.5]\\\\n[1.5-1.8]\\\\n[1.5-1.8]\\\\n[1.5-1.7]\\\\n[1.5-2.0]\\\\n[1.9-2.5]\\\\n[2.4-2.9]\\\\n2.2\\\\n2.1\\\\n2.7\\\\n4\\\\n[0-10]\\\\n37\\\\n[18-59]\\\\n[83-98]\\\\n71\\\\n0\\\\n[0-0]\\\\n8\\\\n[2-18]\\\\n[53-88]\\\\nCategory/\\\\nsubset \\\\nlabel \\\\nlimit \\\\nwarming \\\\nto 1.5\\\\u00b0C \\\\n(&gt;50%) \\\\nwith no \\\\nor \\\\nlimited \\\\novershoot\\\\n\\\\u2026\\\\nwith \\\\nnet zero \\\\nGHGs \\\\n\\\\u2026 \\\\nwithout \\\\nnet zero \\\\nGHGs\\\\nreturn \\\\nwarming \\\\nto 1.5\\\\u00b0C \\\\n(&gt;50%) \\\\nafter a \\\\nhigh \\\\novershoot\\\\nlimit \\\\nwarming \\\\nto 2\\\\u00b0C \\\\n(&gt;67%) \\\\n\\\\u2026\\\\nwith \\\\naction \\\\nstarting \\\\nin 2020 \\\\n\\\\u2026\\\\nNDCs \\\\nuntil \\\\n2030 \\\\nlimit\\\\nwarming\\\\nto 2\\\\u00b0C\\\\n(&gt;50%)\\\\nlimit\\\\nwarming\\\\nto ...\",\"1: Key characteristics of the modelled global emissions pathways. Summary of projected CO2 and GHG emissions, projected net zero timings and the resulting global \\\\nwarming outcomes. Pathways are categorised (columns), according to their likelihood of limiting warming to different peak warming levels (if peak temperature occurs before 2100) \\\\nand 2100 warming levels. Values shown are for the median [p50] and 5\\\\u201395th percentiles [p5\\\\u2013p95], noting that not all pathways achieve net zero CO2 or GHGs. {WG...\",\"For the \\\\u2018Temperature Change\\\\u2019 \\\\nand \\\\u2018Likelihood\\\\u2019 columns, the non-bracketed values represent the 50th percentile across the pathways in that category and the median [50th percentile] across the warming \\\\nestimates of the probabilistic MAGICC climate model emulator. For the bracketed ranges in the \\\\u201clikelihood\\\\u201d column, the median warming for every pathway in that category \\\\nis calculated for each of the two climate model emulators (MAGICC and FaIR). These ranges cover both the uncertainty of the emiss...\",\"85\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.3.2 Net Zero Emissions: Timing and Implications\\\\nFrom a physical science perspective, limiting human-caused \\\\nglobal warming to a speci\\\\ufb01c level requires limiting cumulative \\\\nCO2 emissions, reaching net zero or net negative CO2 emissions, \\\\nalong with strong reductions of other GHG emissions \\\\n(see Cross-Section Box.1). Global modelled pathways that reach \\\\nand sustain net zero GHG emissions are projected to result in \\\\na gradual decline in surfa...\",\"This is different from achieving net zero GHG \\\\nemissions, where metric-weighted anthropogenic GHG emissions (see \\\\nCross-Section Box.1) equal CO2 removal (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Emissions \\\\npathways that reach and sustain net zero GHG emissions de\\\\ufb01ned by the \\\\n100-year global warming potential imply net negative CO2 emissions \\\\nand are projected to result in a gradual decline in surface temperature \\\\nafter an earlier peak (high con\\\\ufb01dence). While reaching net zero CO2 or net \\\\nzero GHG emissions requires dee...\",\"Global net zero \\\\nCO2 emissions are reached in the early 2050s in pathways that limit \\\\nwarming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot, and around \\\\nthe early 2070s in pathways that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%). While \\\\nnon-CO2 GHG emissions are strongly reduced in all pathways that limit \\\\nwarming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or lower, residual emissions of CH4 and N2O \\\\nand F-gases of about 8 [5\\\\u201311] GtCO2-eq yr-1 remain at the time of \\\\n134 Net zero GHG emissions de\\\\ufb01ned by the 100-year global warming potential...\",\"Negative values (e.g., in C5, C6) represent \\\\nan increase in emissions. The modelled GHG emissions in 2019 are 55 [53\\\\u201358] GtCO2-eq, thus within the uncertainty ranges of estimates for 2019 emissions [53-66] GtCO2-eq \\\\n(see 2.1.1). \\\\n4 Emissions milestones are provided for 5-year intervals in order to be consistent with the underlying 5-year time-step data of the modelled pathways. Ranges in square \\\\nbrackets underneath refer to the range across the pathways, comprising the lower bound of the 5th per...\",\"86\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\n2040\\\\n2060\\\\n2080\\\\n2100\\\\n0\\\\n20\\\\n40\\\\n60\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\n2040\\\\n2060\\\\n2080\\\\n2100\\\\n0\\\\n20\\\\n40\\\\n60\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\n2040\\\\n2060\\\\n2080\\\\n2100\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\n2040\\\\n2060\\\\n2080\\\\n2100\\\\nGigatons of CO2 equivalent per year (GtCO2-eq/yr) \\\\nCO2\\\\nGHG\\\\nCO2\\\\nGHG\\\\nCH4\\\\nCO2\\\\nGHG\\\\nCH4\\\\na) While keeping warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C    \\\\n(&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot\\\\nb) While keeping warming to  2\\\\u00b0C    (&gt;67%)\\\\nc) Timing for net zero \\\\nnet zero\\\\nnet zero\\\\nHistorical\\\\nHistorical\\\\nPolicies in place in 2020\\\\nPolicies in place in 2020\\\\nGHGs reac...\",\"Top row: GHG, CO2 and CH4 emissions over time (in \\\\nGtCO2eq) with historical emissions, projected emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 (grey), and pathways consistent with temperature goals in colour \\\\n(blue, purple, and brown, respectively). Panel (a) (left) shows pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot (C1) and Panel (b) (right) shows \\\\npathways that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) (C3). Bottom row: Panel (c) shows median (vertical line), ...\",\"Socio-cultural options and behavioural \\\\nchange can reduce global GHG emissions of end-use sectors, with most \\\\nof the potential in developed countries, if combined with improved \\\\n136 CCS is an option to reduce emissions from large-scale fossil-based energy and industry sources provided geological storage is available. When CO2 is captured directly from the \\\\natmosphere (DACCS), or from biomass (BECCS), CCS provides the storage component of these CDR methods. CO2 capture and subsurface injection is...\",\"Enabling \\\\nconditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII SPM C.4.6}\\\\ninfrastructure design and access. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII SPM C.3, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.5, WGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.7.3, WGIII SPM C.8, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.10.2} \\\\nGlobal modelled mitigation pathways reaching net zero CO2 and \\\\nGHG emissions include transitioning from fossil fuels without \\\\ncarbon capture and storage (CCS) to very low- or zero-carbo...\",\"87\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nfrom zero or low-carbon sources in 2050, such as renewables or \\\\nfossil fuels with CO2 capture and storage, combined with increased \\\\nelectri\\\\ufb01cation of energy demand. Such pathways meet energy service \\\\ndemand with relatively low energy use, through e.g., enhanced energy \\\\nef\\\\ufb01ciency and behavioural changes and increased electri\\\\ufb01cation of \\\\nenergy end use. Modelled global pathways limiting global warming to \\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited oversho...\",\"All assessed modelled pathways \\\\nthat limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or lower by 2100 include land-based \\\\nmitigation and land-use change, with most including different \\\\ncombinations of reforestation, afforestation, reduced deforestation, and \\\\nbioenergy. However, accumulated carbon in vegetation and soils is at \\\\nrisk from future loss (or sink reversal) triggered by climate change and \\\\ndisturbances such as \\\\ufb02ood, drought, \\\\ufb01re, or pest outbreaks, or future \\\\npoor management. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGI SPM B.4...\",\"CDR methods vary in terms \\\\nof their maturity, removal process, time scale of carbon storage, storage \\\\nmedium, mitigation potential, cost, co-bene\\\\ufb01ts, impacts and risks, and \\\\ngovernance requirements (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Speci\\\\ufb01cally, maturity \\\\nranges from lower maturity (e.g., ocean alkalinisation) to higher \\\\nmaturity (e.g., reforestation); removal and storage potential ranges \\\\nfrom lower potential (&lt;1 Gt CO2 yr-1, e.g., blue carbon management) \\\\nto higher potential (&gt;3 Gt CO2 yr-1, e.g., agroforestry...\",\"Methods and levels of CDR \\\\ndeployment in global modelled mitigation pathways vary depending on \\\\nassumptions about costs, availability and constraints (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGIII SPM C.3.5, WGIII SPM C.11.1, WGIII SPM C.11.4}\\\\n137 Limited overshoot refers to exceeding 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming by up to about 0.1\\\\u00b0C, high overshoot by 0.1\\\\u00b0C to 0.3\\\\u00b0C, in both cases for up to several decades. {WGIII Box SPM.1}\\\\n3.3.4 Overshoot Pathways: Increased Risks and Other \\\\nImplications\\\\nExceeding a speci\\\\ufb01c remaining car...\",\"Compared to pathways without overshoot, societies and ecosystems \\\\nwould be exposed to greater and more widespread changes in climatic \\\\nimpact-drivers, such as extreme heat and extreme precipitation, with \\\\nincreasing risks to infrastructure, low-lying coastal settlements, and \\\\nassociated livelihoods (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Overshooting 1.5\\\\u00b0C will result \\\\nin irreversible adverse impacts on certain ecosystems with low resilience, \\\\nsuch as polar, mountain, and coastal ecosystems, impacted by ice-sheet \\\\nme...\",\"Reducing global \\\\ntemperature by removing CO2 would require net negative emissions of \\\\n220 GtCO2 (best estimate, with a likely range of 160 to 370 GtCO2) \\\\nfor every tenth of a degree (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Modelled pathways \\\\nthat limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot reach \\\\nmedian values of cumulative net negative emissions of 220 GtCO2 \\\\nby 2100, pathways that return warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) after high \\\\novershoot reach median values of 360 GtCO2 (high con\\\\ufb01dence).137 \\\\nMore rapid r...\",\"88\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.4.1 Synergies and trade-offs, costs and bene\\\\ufb01ts\\\\nMitigation and adaptation options can lead to synergies and \\\\ntrade-offs with other aspects of sustainable development \\\\n(see also Section 4.6, Figure 4.4). Synergies and trade-offs depend \\\\non the pace and magnitude of changes and the development context \\\\nincluding inequalities, with consideration of climate justice. The \\\\npotential or effectiveness of some adaptation and mitigation options \\\\ndecreases as climate chan...\",\"There are potential synergies between sustainable development and, \\\\nfor instance, energy ef\\\\ufb01ciency and renewable energy. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) \\\\n{WGIII SPM C.4.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3}\\\\nFor agriculture, land, and food systems, many land management \\\\noptions and demand-side response options (e.g., dietary choices, \\\\nreduced post-harvest losses, reduced food waste) can contribute to \\\\neradicating poverty and eliminating hunger while promoting good health \\\\nand well-being, clean water and sanitation, and life on l...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII SPM C.2.4; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.11.2; SR1.5 SPM C.3.4, SR1.5 SPM C.3.5; SRCCL SPM B.3, \\\\nSRCCL SPM B.7.3, SRCCL Figure SPM.3}\\\\n139 The impacts, risks, and co-bene\\\\ufb01ts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speci\\\\ufb01c context, \\\\nimplementation and scale (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM C.11.2}\\\\n140 The evidence is too limited to make a similar robust conclusion for limiting warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C. {WGIII SPM foo...\",\"The aggregate effects of climate change \\\\nmitigation on global GDP (excluding damages from climate change and \\\\nadaptation costs) are small compared to global projected GDP growth. \\\\nProjected estimates of global aggregate net economic damages and \\\\nthe costs of adaptation generally increase with global warming level. \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM B.4.6, WGII TS.C.10; WGIII SPM C.12.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.12.3} \\\\nCost-bene\\\\ufb01t analysis remains limited in its ability to represent all \\\\ndamages from climate change...\",\"{WGII SPM B.4, WGII \\\\nSPM B.6; WGIII SPM C.12, WGIII SPM C.12.2, WGIII SPM C.12.3 WGIII Box TS.7; \\\\nSR1.5 SPM B.3, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.6}\\\\nConsidering other sustainable development dimensions, such as the \\\\npotentially strong economic bene\\\\ufb01ts on human health from air quality \\\\nimprovement, may enhance the estimated bene\\\\ufb01ts of mitigation \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). The economic effects of strengthened mitigation \\\\naction vary across regions and countries, depending notably on economic \\\\nstructure, regio...\",\"Accelerated and equitable mitigation and adaptation bring bene\\\\ufb01ts from avoiding damages from climate \\\\nchange and are critical to achieving sustainable development (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate resilient development138 \\\\npathways are progressively constrained by every increment of further warming (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). There is a \\\\nrapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all (very high con\\\\ufb01dence).\\\\n138 See Annex I: Glossary.\\\\n139 The impacts, risks, and co-be...\",\"89\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.4.2 Advancing Integrated Climate Action for Sustainable \\\\nDevelopment\\\\nAn inclusive, equitable approach to integrating adaptation, mitigation \\\\nand development can advance sustainable development in the long \\\\nterm (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Integrated responses can harness synergies for \\\\nsustainable development and reduce trade-offs (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Shifting \\\\ndevelopment pathways towards sustainability and advancing climate \\\\nresilient development is ...\",\"{WGII SPM C.5.4, \\\\nWGII SPM D.1, WGII SPM D.1.1, WGII SPM D.1.2, WGII SPM D.2, \\\\nWGII SPM D.3, WGII SPM D.5, WGII SPM D.5.1, WGII SPM D.5.2; \\\\nWGIII SPM D.1, WGIII SPM D.2, WGIII SPM D.2.4, WGIII SPM E.2.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.2.3, WGIII SPM E.5.3, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 5} \\\\nPolicies that shift development pathways towards sustainability \\\\ncan broaden the portfolio of available mitigation and adaptation \\\\nresponses (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining mitigation with action \\\\nto shift development pathways, such as...\",\"Coastal cities and \\\\nsettlements play an important role in advancing climate resilient \\\\ndevelopment due to the high number of people living in the Low \\\\nElevation Coastal Zone, the escalating and climate compounded risk \\\\nthat they face, and their vital role in national economies and beyond \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM.D.3, WGII SPM D.3.3; WGIII SPM E.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.2.2; SR1.5 SPM D.6}\\\\nObserved adverse impacts and related losses and damages, \\\\nprojected risks, trends in vulnerability, and adaptatio...\",\"{WGII SPM D.1, WGII SPM D.1.1, \\\\nWGII SPM D.4, WGII SPM D.4.3, WGII SPM D.5.1; WGIII SPM D.1.1} \\\\nThe cumulative scienti\\\\ufb01c evidence is unequivocal: climate change \\\\nis a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very \\\\nhigh con\\\\ufb01dence). Any further delay in concerted anticipatory \\\\nglobal action on adaptation and mitigation will miss a brief and \\\\nrapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and \\\\nsustainable future for all (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Opportunities for \\\\nnear-term action ...\",\"90\",\"91\\\\nSection 4\\\\nNear-Term Responses \\\\nin a Changing Climate\",\"92\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 4 : Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\n4.1 The Timing and Urgency of Climate Action\\\\nThe magnitude and rate of climate change and associated risks \\\\ndepend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation actions \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Global warming is more likely than not to reach \\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C between 2021 and 2040 even under the very low GHG emission \\\\nscenarios (SSP1-1.9), and likely or very likely to exceed 1.5\\\\u00b0C under \\\\nhigher emissions scenarios141. M...\",\"Without urgent, effective \\\\nand equitable adaptation and mitigation actions, climate change \\\\nincreasingly threatens the health and livelihoods of people around \\\\nthe globe, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, with severe adverse \\\\nconsequences for current and future generations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI SPM B.5.1, WGI SPM B.5.2; WGII SPM A, WGII \\\\nSPM B.4, WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.3.3, WGII Figure SPM.4, WGII SPM \\\\nD.1, WGII SPM D.5, WGIII SPM D.1.1 SR1.5 SPM D.2.2}. (Cross-Section \\\\nBox....\",\"The best estimates [and very likely ranges] of global warming for the different scenarios in the \\\\nnear term are: 1.5 [1.2 to 1.7]\\\\u00b0C (SSP1-1.9); 1.5 [1.2 to 1.8]\\\\u00b0C (SSP1-2.6); 1.5 [1.2 to 1.8]\\\\u00b0C (SSP2-4.5); 1.5 [1.2 to 1.8]\\\\u00b0C (SSP3-7.0); and 1.6[1.3 to 1.9]\\\\u00b0C (SSP5-8.5). \\\\n{WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI Table SPM.1} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\n142 Values in parentheses indicate the likelihood of limiting warming to the level speci\\\\ufb01ed (see Cross-Section Box.2).\\\\n143 Median and very likely range [5th to 95th percenti...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 30}\\\\n144 These numbers for CO2 are 48 [36 to 69]% in 2030, 65 [50 to 96] % in 2035, 80 [61 to109] % in 2040 and 99 [79 to 119]% in 2050.\\\\n145 These numbers for CO2 are 22 [1 to 44]% in 2030, 37 [21 to 59] % in 2035, 51 [36 to 70] % in 2040 and 73 [55 to 90]% in 2050.\\\\n146 In this context, \\\\u2018unabated fossil fuels\\\\u2019 refers to fossil fuels produced and used without interventions that substantially reduce the amount of GHG emitted throughout the life \\\\ncycle; for example, capturing 90%...\",\"In pathways \\\\nthat limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot, net \\\\nglobal GHG emissions are projected to fall by 43 [34 to 60]%143 below \\\\n2019 levels by 2030, 60 [49 to 77]% by 2035, 69 [58 to 90]% by 2040 \\\\nand 84 [73 to 98]% by 2050 (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Section 2.3.1, Table 2.2, \\\\nFigure 2.5, Table 3.1)144. Global modelled pathways that limit warming \\\\nto 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) have reductions in GHG emissions below 2019 levels \\\\nof 21 [1 to 42]% by 2030, 35 [22 to 55] % by 2035, 46 [34 to 63] \\\\n%...\",\"{WGIII SPM B.6.3, WGIII 3.5.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM B.6, WGIII SPM B.6., WGIII SPM C.1, WGIII SPM C1.1, \\\\nWGIII Table SPM.2} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nDeep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation reduces the risks of climate \\\\nchange for humans and ecosystems. In modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited \\\\novershoot and in those that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) and assume immediate action, global GHG emissions \\\\nare projected to peak in the early...\",\"93\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nAll global modelled pathways that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) \\\\nor lower by 2100 involve reductions in both net CO2 emissions \\\\nand non-CO2 emissions (see Figure 3.6) (high confidence). \\\\nFor example, in pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) \\\\nwith no or limited overshoot, global CH4 (methane) emissions are \\\\nreduced by 34 [21 to 57]% below 2019 levels by 2030 and by \\\\n44 [31 to 63]% in 2040 (high confidence). Global CH4 emissions \\\\nare reduc...\",\"The contributions of different sectors vary across \\\\nmodelled mitigation pathways. In most global modelled mitigation \\\\npathways, emissions from land-use, land-use change and forestry, via \\\\nreforestation and reduced deforestation, and from the energy supply \\\\nsector reach net zero CO2 emissions earlier than the buildings, industry \\\\nand transport sectors (Figure 4.1). Strategies can rely on combinations \\\\nof different options (Figure 4.1, Section 4.5), but doing less in one \\\\nsector needs to be compen...\",\"94\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\na) Sectoral emissions in pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C\\\\nb) Greenhouse gas emissions by sector at \\\\nthe time of net zero CO2, compared to 2019\\\\nThe transition towards net zero CO2 will \\\\nhave different pace across different sectors\\\\nCO2 emissions from the electricity/fossil fuel industries sector and \\\\nland-use change generally reach net zero earlier than other sectors\\\\nincludes halting \\\\ndeforestation\\\\nPercentage reduction in CO2 emissions relative to 2015\\\\nincludes...\",\"95\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n4.2 Bene\\\\ufb01ts of Strengthening Near-Term Action\\\\nFigure 4.1: Sectoral emissions in pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C. Panel (a) shows sectoral CO2 and non-CO2 emissions in global modelled pathways that limit \\\\nwarming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot. The horizontal lines illustrate halving 2015 emissions (base year of the pathways) (dashed) and reaching net zero emissions \\\\n(solid line). The range shows the 5\\\\u201395th percentile of th...\",\"Positive (solid \\\\ufb01lled bars) and negative emissions (hatched bars) for different illustrative mitigation pathways are compared to \\\\nGHG emissions from the year 2019. The category \\\\u201cenergy supply (including electricity)\\\\u201d includes bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and direct air carbon capture and storage. \\\\n{WGIII Box TS.5, WGIII 3.3, WGIII 3.4, WGIII 6.6, WGIII 10.3, WGIII 11.3} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nAccelerated implementation of adaptation will improve well-being by reducing losses and dama...\",\"Deep, rapid, and sustained mitigation actions would reduce future adaptation costs \\\\nand losses and damages, enhance sustainable development co-bene\\\\ufb01ts, avoid locking-in emission sources, \\\\nand reduce stranded assets and irreversible climate changes. These near-term actions involve higher up-front \\\\ninvestments and disruptive changes, which can be moderated by a range of enabling conditions and removal or \\\\nreduction of barriers to feasibility. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\nAccelerated implementation of adaptati...\",\"The magnitude and rate of climate change and \\\\nassociated risks depend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation \\\\nactions, and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages \\\\nescalate with every increment of global warming (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nDelayed mitigation action will further increase global warming which \\\\nwill decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including \\\\nEcosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well \\\\nas increasing mitigation feas...\",\"Mitigation will improve air quality and \\\\nhuman health in the near term notably because many air pollutants are \\\\n148 In this context, \\\\u2018unabated fossil fuels\\\\u2019 refers to fossil fuels produced and used without interventions that substantially reduce the amount of GHG emitted throughout the life \\\\ncycle; for example, capturing 90% or more CO2 from power plants, or 50 to 80% of fugitive methane emissions from energy supply. {WGIII SPM footnote 54}\\\\nco-emitted by GHG emitting sectors and because methane ...\",\"The \\\\ncontinued installation of unabated fossil fuel148 infrastructure \\\\nwill \\\\u2018lock-in\\\\u2019 GHG emissions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Limiting global \\\\nwarming to 2\\\\u00b0C or below will leave a substantial amount of fossil fuels \\\\nunburned and could strand considerable fossil fuel infrastructure \\\\n(high confidence), with globally discounted value projected to be \\\\naround USD 1 to 4 trillion from 2015 to 2050 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nEarly actions would limit the size of these stranded assets, whereas \\\\ndelayed actions with c...\",\"96\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nScaling-up near-term climate actions (Section 4.1) will mobilise a \\\\nmix of low-cost and high-cost options. High-cost options, as in energy \\\\nand infrastructure, are needed to avoid future lock-ins, foster innovation \\\\nand initiate transformational changes (Figure 4.4). Climate resilient \\\\ndevelopment pathways in support of sustainable development for all are \\\\nshaped by equity, and social and climate justice (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nEmbedding effective and equitable a...\",\"Societal choices and actions implemented in this decade will \\\\ndetermine the extent to which medium and long-term development \\\\npathways will deliver higher or lower climate resilient development \\\\noutcomes. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.5, WGII Box TS.8; \\\\nWGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM E.2, WGIII SPM E.3, WGIII SPM E.4, WGIII TS.2, \\\\nWGIII TS.4.1, WGIII TS.6.4, WGIII 15.2, WGIII 15.6}\\\\nEnabling conditions would need to be strengthened in the near-\\\\nterm and barriers reduced or removed to reali...\",\"{WGII SPM D.2; WGIII SPM E.1, WGIII SPM E.2}\\\\nBarriers to feasibility would need to be reduced or removed \\\\nto deploy mitigation and adaptation options at scale. Many \\\\nlimits to feasibility and effectiveness of responses can be overcome \\\\nby addressing a range of barriers, including economic, technological, \\\\ninstitutional, social, environmental and geophysical barriers. The \\\\nfeasibility and effectiveness of options increase with integrated, \\\\nmulti-sectoral solutions that differentiate responses bas...\",\"This encompasses three main directions: \\\\n(a) economy-wide mainstreaming packages supporting options to \\\\nimproved sustainable low-emission economic recovery, development \\\\nand job creation programs (Sections 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9) (b) safety \\\\nnets and social protection in the transition (Section 4.4, 4.7); and \\\\n(c) broadened access to \\\\ufb01nance, technology and capacity-building \\\\nand coordinated support to low-emission infrastructure (\\\\u2018leap-frog\\\\u2019 \\\\npotential), especially in developing regions, and un...\",\"97\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nClimate Resilient Development\\\\nEmissions reductions\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nSustainable Development\\\\nMultiple interacting choices and actions can shift \\\\ndevelopment pathways towards sustainability\\\\nSustainable Development \\\\nGoal (SDG) achievement\\\\nIPCC AR6\\\\n2030\\\\nPresent\\\\nworld\\\\nPast \\\\nconditions\\\\nThere is a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity \\\\nto enable climate resilient development\\\\nProspects for climate \\\\nresilient development will \\\\nbe further limited if globa...\",\"Climate resilient development is the process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation \\\\nmeasures to support sustainable development. Diverging pathways illustrate that interacting choices and actions made by diverse government, private sector and civil society actors \\\\ncan advance climate resilient development, shift pathways towards sustainability, and enable lower emissions and adaptation. Diverse knowledges and values include cultural values, \\\\nIndigenous Knowledge, local knowled...\",\"Climatic and non-climatic events, such as droughts, \\\\ufb02oods or pandemics, pose more severe shocks to pathways \\\\nwith lower climate resilient development (red to yellow) than to pathways with higher climate resilient development (green). There are limits to adaptation and adaptive capacity \\\\nfor some human and natural systems at global warming of 1.5\\\\u00b0C, and with every increment of warming, losses and damages will increase. The development pathways taken by \\\\ncountries at all stages of economic develop...\",\"Multiple climatic and non-climatic risks will interact, resulting in increased \\\\ncompounding and cascading impacts becoming more dif\\\\ufb01cult to manage (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Losses and damages \\\\nwill increase with increasing global warming (very high con\\\\ufb01dence), while strongly concentrated among the \\\\npoorest vulnerable populations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Continuing with current unsustainable development patterns \\\\nwould increase exposure and vulnerability of ecosystems and people to climate hazards (high con\\\\ufb01den...\",\"98\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nGlobal warming will continue to increase in the near term (2021\\\\u20132040) \\\\nmainly due to increased cumulative CO2 emissions in nearly all \\\\nconsidered scenarios and pathways. In the near term, every \\\\nregion in the world is projected to face further increases in \\\\nclimate hazards (medium to high con\\\\ufb01dence, depending on \\\\nregion and hazard), increasing multiple risks to ecosystems \\\\nand humans (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). In the near term, natural \\\\nvariability149 will modulate h...\",\"If a large \\\\nexplosive volcanic eruption were to occur in the near term150 , it \\\\nwould temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change \\\\nby reducing global surface temperature and precipitation, especially \\\\nover land, for one to three years (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGI SPM B.1.3, \\\\nWGI SPM B.1.4, WGI SPM C.1, WGI SPM C.2, WGI Cross-Section Box TS.1, \\\\nWGI Cross-Chapter Box 4.1; WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.3.1; \\\\nWGIII Box SPM.1 Figure 1}\\\\nThe level of risk for humans and ecosystems will depend on ...\",\"Urbanisation increases hot extremes (very high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence) and precipitation runoff intensity (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nIncreasing urbanisation in low-lying and coastal zones will be a major \\\\ndriver of increasing exposure to extreme river\\\\ufb02ow events and sea level \\\\nrise hazards, increasing risks (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 4.3). Vulnerability \\\\nwill also rise rapidly in low-lying Small Island Developing States and \\\\natolls in the context of sea level rise (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (see Figure 3.4 and \\\\nFigure 4.3). Hum...\",\"The main internal variability phenomena include El Ni\\\\u00f1o\\\\u2013Southern Oscillation, Paci\\\\ufb01c Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability through \\\\ntheir regional influence. The internal variability of global surface temperature in any single year is estimated to be about \\\\u00b10.25\\\\u00b0C (5 to 95% range, high confidence). \\\\n{WGI SPM footnote 29, WGI SPM footnote 37}\\\\n150 Based on 2500-year reconstructions, eruptions with a radiative forcing more negative than \\\\u20131 Wm-2, related to the radiative effect ...\",\"{WGI SPM B.2.2, \\\\nWGI TS Figure TS.6; WGII SPM B.1.4, WGII SPM B.4.4, \\\\nWGII Figure SPM.2} \\\\n\\\\u2022 Increasing frequency of marine heatwaves will increase risks \\\\nof biodiversity loss in the oceans, including from mass mortality \\\\nevents (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGI SPM B.2.3; WGII SPM B.1.2, \\\\nWGII Figure SPM.2; SROCC SPM B.5.1}\\\\n\\\\u2022 Near-term risks for biodiversity loss are moderate to high in \\\\nforest ecosystems (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) and kelp and seagrass \\\\necosystems (high to very high con\\\\ufb01dence) and are high to ver...\",\"{WGI SPM B.2.4, WGI SPM C.2.2, WGI SPM C.2.6, WGI 11.7} \\\\n\\\\u2022 High risks from dryland water scarcity, wild\\\\ufb01re damage, and \\\\npermafrost degradation (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {SRCCL SPM A.5.3.}\\\\n\\\\u2022 Continued sea level rise and increased frequency and \\\\nmagnitude of extreme sea level events encroaching on coastal \\\\nhuman settlements and damaging coastal infrastructure (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), committing low-lying coastal ecosystems to \\\\nsubmergence and loss (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), expanding land \\\\nsalinization (very high co...\",\"99\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n\\\\u2022 Cryosphere-related changes in \\\\ufb02oods, landslides, and water \\\\navailability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for \\\\npeople, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII TS C.4.2}\\\\n\\\\u2022 The projected increase in frequency and intensity of heavy \\\\nprecipitation (high con\\\\ufb01dence) will increase rain-generated local \\\\n\\\\ufb02ooding (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGI Figure SPM.6, WGI SPM B.2.2; \\\\nWGII TS C.4.5}\\\\nMultiple ...\",\"Concurrent and cascading risks from climate change to \\\\nfood systems, human settlements, infrastructure and health will make \\\\nthese risks more severe and more dif\\\\ufb01cult to manage, including when \\\\ninteracting with non-climatic risk drivers such as competition for land \\\\nbetween urban expansion and food production, and pandemics (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Loss of ecosystems and their services has cascading and \\\\nlong-term impacts on people globally, especially for Indigenous Peoples \\\\nand local communities who...\",\"{WGI SPM.2.7; \\\\nWGII SPM B.2.1, WGII SPM B.5, WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII SPM B.5.2, \\\\nWGII SPM B.5.3, WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box COVID in Chapter 7; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.11.2; SRCCL SPM A.5, SRCCL SPM A.6.5} (Figure 4.3)\\\\nWith every increment of global warming losses and damages will \\\\nincrease (very high con\\\\ufb01dence), become increasingly dif\\\\ufb01cult \\\\nto avoid and be strongly concentrated among the poorest \\\\nvulnerable populations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation does not \\\\nprevent all losses and damages, even w...\",\"100\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nabsolute increase\\\\n(and percent increase)\\\\nEvery region faces more severe and/or frequent compound \\\\nand cascading climate risks\\\\na) Increase in the population exposed to sea level rise from 2020 to 2040\\\\nFrequency of events that currently occur \\\\non average once every 100 years\\\\nMultiple climate change risks \\\\nwill increasingly compound \\\\nand cascade in the near term\\\\nc) Example of complex risk, where impacts from climate extreme events have cascading \\\\neffects on food, n...\",\"101\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nFigure 4.3: Every region faces more severe or frequent compound and/or cascading climate risks in the near term. Changes in risk result from changes in the degree \\\\nof the hazard, the population exposed, and the degree of vulnerability of people, assets, or ecosystems. Panel (a) Coastal \\\\ufb02ooding events affect many of the highly populated regions \\\\nof the world where large percentages of the population are exposed.\\\\u00a0The panel shows near-term pro...\",\"A peak-over-threshold (99.7%) method \\\\nwas applied to the historical tide gauge observations available in the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis version 2 database, which is the same information as WGI Figure 9.32, \\\\nexcept here the panel uses relative sea level projections under SSP2-4.5 for the year 2040 instead of 2050 The absence of a circle indicates an inability to perform an assessment \\\\ndue to a lack of data, but does not indicate absence of increasing frequencies. Panel (c) Climate hazards ...\",\"Adaptation responses are immediately needed to reduce rising climate risks, especially for the most vulnerable. \\\\nEquity, inclusion and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for \\\\naccelerated mitigation. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\nAdaptation and mitigation actions, across scales, sectors and \\\\nregions, that prioritise equity, climate justice, rights-based \\\\napproaches, social justice and inclusivity, lead to more \\\\nsustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support tran...\",\"{WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII SPM C.2.9, \\\\nWGII SPM D.2.1, WGII TS Box TS.4; WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.3, \\\\nWGIII SPM WGIII SPM E.3, SR1.5 SPM D.4.5} (Figure 4.3c)\\\\nRegions and people with considerable development constraints \\\\nhave high vulnerability to climatic hazards. Adaptation \\\\noutcomes for the most vulnerable within and across countries \\\\nand regions are enhanced through approaches focusing on \\\\nequity, inclusivity, and rights-based approaches, including 3.3 to \\\\n3.6 billion people living in contexts...\",\"Several risks can be moderated \\\\nwith adaptation (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The largest adaptation gaps \\\\nexist among lower income population groups (high con\\\\ufb01dence) and \\\\nadaptation progress is unevenly distributed with observed adaptation \\\\ngaps (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Present development challenges causing high \\\\nvulnerability are in\\\\ufb02uenced by historical and ongoing patterns of \\\\ninequity such as colonialism, especially for many Indigenous Peoples \\\\nand local communities (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Vulnerability is exacerba...\",\"Such actions with \\\\ufb02exible \\\\npathways may encourage low-regret and timely actions (very high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Integrating climate adaptation into social protection \\\\nprogrammes, including cash transfers and public works programmes, \\\\nwould increase resilience to climate change, especially when supported \\\\nby basic services and infrastructure (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.3, \\\\nWGII SPM C.4.3, WGII SPM C.4.4, WGII SPM C.2.9, WGII WPM D.3}\\\\nEquity, inclusion, just transitions, broad and meaningful \\\\nparticip...\",\"102\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand burdens, especially for vulnerable countries and communities. \\\\n{WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.2, WGIII SPM D.3.3, WGIII SPM D.3.4, \\\\nWGIII TS Box TS.4}\\\\nDevelopment priorities among countries also re\\\\ufb02ect different \\\\nstarting points and contexts, and enabling conditions for \\\\nshifting development pathways towards increased sustainability \\\\nwill therefore differ, giving rise to different needs (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Implementing just transition principles through collec...\",\"Individuals with \\\\nhigh socio-economic status contribute disproportionately to emissions, \\\\nand have the highest potential for emissions reductions, e.g., as \\\\ncitizens, investors, consumers, role models, and professionals (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). There are options on design of instruments such as taxes, \\\\nsubsidies, prices, and consumption-based approaches, complemented \\\\nby regulatory instruments to reduce high-emissions consumption while \\\\nimproving equity and societal well-being (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Behavi...\",\"Climate resilient development is advanced when \\\\nactors work in equitable, just and enabling ways to reconcile divergent \\\\ninterests, values and worldviews, toward equitable and just outcomes \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII D.2.1, WGIII SPM B.3.3, WGIII SPM.C.8.5, WGIII \\\\nSPM C.10.2, WGIII SPM C.10.4, WGIII SPM D.3.4, WGIII SPM E.4.2, \\\\nWGIII TS.5.1, WGIII 5.4, WGIII 5.8, WGIII 15.2}\\\\nRapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems \\\\nare necessary to achieve deep emissions reductions and se...\",\"The system transitions make possible the transformative adaptation \\\\nrequired for high levels of human health and well-being, economic and \\\\nsocial resilience, ecosystem health, and planetary health. {WGII SPM \\\\nA, WGII Figure SPM.1; WGIII SPM C.3; SR1.5 SPM C.2, SR1.5 SPM \\\\nC.2.1, SR1.5 SPM C.2, SR1.5 SPM C.5}\\\\nFeasible, effective and low-cost options for mitigation and \\\\nadaptation are already available (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 4.4). \\\\nMitigation options costing USD 100 tCO2-eq\\\\u20131 or less could reduce...\",\"The \\\\navailability, feasibility152 and potential of mitigation or effectiveness \\\\nof adaptation options in the near term differ across systems and \\\\nregions (very high confidence). {WGII SPM C.2; WGIII SPM C.12, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.1.1; SR1.5 SPM B.6} \\\\nDemand-side measures and new ways of end-use service \\\\nprovision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors by \\\\n40 to 70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios, while some \\\\nregions and socioeconomic groups require additional energy \\\\nand resources. D...\",\"103\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nThere are multiple opportunities for scaling up climate action\\\\nCosts are lower than the reference\\\\n0\\\\u201320 (USD per tCO2-eq)\\\\n20\\\\u201350 (USD per tCO2-eq)\\\\n50\\\\u2013100 (USD per tCO2-eq)\\\\n100\\\\u2013200 (USD per tCO2-eq)\\\\nCost not allocated due to high \\\\nvariability or lack of data\\\\nNet lifetime cost of options:\\\\nFeasibility level and synergies \\\\nwith mitigation\\\\nInsuf\\\\ufb01cient evidence\\\\nCon\\\\ufb01dence level in potential feasibility\\\\nand in synergies with mitigation\\\\nMedium\\\\nHigh\\\\nLo...\",\"WASH, nutrition and diets)\\\\nGreen infrastructure and\\\\necosystem services\\\\nSustainable land use and urban planning\\\\nSustainable urban water management\\\\nClimate services, including\\\\nEarly Warning Systems\\\\nLivelihood diversi\\\\ufb01cation\\\\nDisaster risk management\\\\nSocial safety nets\\\\nRisk spreading and sharing\\\\nPlanned relocation and resettlement\\\\nHuman migration\\\\nAgroforestry\\\\nSustainable aquaculture and \\\\ufb01sheries\\\\nEf\\\\ufb01cient livestock systems\\\\nBiodiversity management and\\\\necosystem connectivity\\\\nIntegrated coastal zone man...\",\"104\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nFigure 4.4: Multiple Opportunities for scaling up climate action. Panel (a) presents selected mitigation and adaptation options across different systems. The left hand side \\\\nof panel (a) shows climate responses and adaptation options assessed for their multidimensional feasibility at global scale, in the near term and up to 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming. As \\\\nliterature above 1.5\\\\u00b0C is limited, feasibility at higher levels of warming may change, which is currently not poss...\",\"Synergies with mitigation are identi\\\\ufb01ed as high, medium, and low. The right-hand side of panel (a) provides an overview of selected \\\\nmitigation options and their estimated costs and potentials in 2030. Relative potentials and costs will vary by place, context and time and in the longer term compared to 2030. Costs \\\\nare net lifetime discounted monetary costs of avoided greenhouse gas emissions calculated relative to a reference technology. The potential (horizontal axis) is the quantity of net \\\\nG...\",\"Where a gradual colour transition is shown, the breakdown of the potential into cost categories is not well known or depends heavily on factors such \\\\nas geographical location, resource availability, and regional circumstances, and the colours indicate the range of estimates. The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25\\\\u201350%. \\\\nWhen interpreting this \\\\ufb01gure, the following should be taken into account: (1) The mitigation potential is uncertain, as it will depend on the reference technology ...\",\"The green arrow represents the demand-side emissions reductions potentials. The range in potential is shown by a line connecting dots displaying \\\\nthe highest and the lowest potentials reported in the literature. Food shows demand-side potential of socio-cultural factors and infrastructure use, and changes in land-use patterns \\\\nenabled by change in food demand. Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors (buildings, land transp...\",\"Energy Systems\\\\nRapid and deep reductions in GHG emissions require major \\\\nenergy system transitions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation options \\\\ncan help reduce climate-related risks to the energy system \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Net zero CO2 energy systems entail: a \\\\nsubstantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of \\\\nunabated fossil fuels153, and use of Carbon Capture and Storage in \\\\nthe remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no \\\\nnet CO2; widespread electrification; a...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 54}\\\\n154 The mitigation potentials and mitigation costs of individual technologies in a speci\\\\ufb01c context or region may differ greatly from the provided estimates (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGIII SPM C.12.1}\\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). The most feasible energy system adaptation options \\\\nsupport infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and ef\\\\ufb01cient \\\\nwater use for existing and new energy generation systems (very \\\\nhigh con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric \\\\npower generatio...\",\"105\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\ntransformational changes in production processes (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nLight industry and manufacturing can be largely decarbonized through \\\\navailable abatement technologies (e.g., material ef\\\\ufb01ciency, circularity), \\\\nelectri\\\\ufb01cation (e.g., electrothermal heating, heat pumps), and switching \\\\nto low- and zero-GHG emitting fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia, and \\\\nbio-based and other synthetic fuels) (high con\\\\ufb01dence), while deep \\\\nreduction of cement pro...\",\"Water intensive industries (e.g., mining) can undertake measures to \\\\nreduce water stress, such as water recycling and reuse, using brackish \\\\nor saline sources, working to improve water use ef\\\\ufb01ciency. However, \\\\nresidual risks will remain, especially at higher levels of warming \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII TS.B.9.1, WGII 16.5.2, WGII 4.6.3} (Section 3.2)\\\\n4.5.3. Cities, Settlements and Infrastructure\\\\nUrban systems are critical for achieving deep emissions \\\\nreductions and advancing climate resilient d...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) \\\\n{WGII SPM C.5.6, WGII SPM D.1.3, WGII SPM D.3; WGIII SPM C.6, WGIII \\\\nSPM C.6.2, WGIII TS 5.4, SR1.5 SPM C.2.4}\\\\nConsidering climate change impacts and risks (e.g., through climate \\\\nservices) in the design and planning of urban and rural settlements \\\\nand infrastructure is critical for resilience and enhancing human \\\\nwell-being. Effective mitigation can be advanced at each of the design, \\\\nconstruction, retro\\\\ufb01t, use and disposal stages for buildings. Mitigation \\\\ninterventions for b...\",\"Suf\\\\ufb01ciency155 measures can limit the demand for energy \\\\nand materials over the lifecycle of buildings and appliances. (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM C.2.5; WGIII SPM C.7.2}\\\\nTransport-related GHG emissions can be reduced by demand-side \\\\noptions and low-GHG emissions technologies. Changes in urban form, \\\\nreallocation of street space for cycling and walking, digitalisation \\\\n(e.g., teleworking) and programs that encourage changes in consumer \\\\nbehaviour (e.g. transport, pricing) can reduce demand for tr...\",\"Advances in battery technologies could facilitate \\\\nthe electri\\\\ufb01cation of heavy-duty trucks and compliment conventional \\\\nelectric rail systems (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Sustainable biofuels can offer \\\\nadditional mitigation bene\\\\ufb01ts in land-based transport in the short and \\\\nmedium term (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Sustainable biofuels, low-emissions \\\\nhydrogen, and derivatives (including synthetic fuels) can support \\\\nmitigation of CO2 emissions from shipping, aviation, and heavy-duty \\\\nland transport but require pr...\",\"Urban greening can \\\\nprovide local cooling (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining green/natural \\\\nand grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential \\\\nto reduce adaptation costs and contribute to \\\\ufb02ood control, sanitation, \\\\nwater resources management, landslide prevention and coastal \\\\nprotection (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Globally, more \\\\ufb01nancing is directed \\\\nat grey/physical infrastructure than green/natural infrastructure \\\\nand social infrastructure (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and there is limited \\\\nevid...\",\"106\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand marginalised communities including people living in informal \\\\nsettlements (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.6, WGII \\\\nSPM C.2.7, WGII SPM D.3.2, WGII TS.E.1.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FEAS; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.6.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3, WGIII SPM D.2.1}\\\\nResponses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying \\\\ncoastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, \\\\naccommodation, advance and planned relocation. These ...\",\"Conservation, improved \\\\nmanagement, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems offer \\\\nthe largest share of economic mitigation potential, with reduced \\\\ndeforestation in tropical regions having the highest total mitigation \\\\npotential. Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, and afforestation can \\\\nlead to trade-offs due to competing demands on land. Minimizing \\\\ntrade-offs requires integrated approaches to meet multiple objectives \\\\nincluding food security. Demand-side measures (shifting to susta...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.2, \\\\nWGII SPM C.2.5; WGIII SPM C.9.1; SRCCL SPM B.1.1, SRCCL SPM B.5.4, \\\\nSRCCL SPM D.1; SROCC SPM C} \\\\nSome options, such as conservation of high-carbon ecosystems \\\\n(e.g., peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests), have \\\\nimmediate impacts while others, such as restoration of high-carbon \\\\necosystems, reclamation of degraded soils or afforestation, take decades \\\\nto deliver measurable results (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Many sustainable land \\\\nmanagem...\",\"by protection, restoration, precautionary ecosystem-based management \\\\nof renewable resource use, and the reduction of pollution and other \\\\nstressors (high confidence). {WGII SPM C.2.4, WGII SPM D.4; \\\\nSROCC SPM C.2} \\\\nLarge-scale land conversion for bioenergy, biochar, or afforestation \\\\ncan increase risks to biodiversity, water and food security. In contrast, \\\\nrestoring natural forests and drained peatlands, and improving \\\\nsustainability of managed forests enhances the resilience of carbon \\\\nstocks...\",\"Enhancing natural water retention \\\\nsuch as by restoring wetlands and rivers, land use planning such as no \\\\nbuild zones or upstream forest management, can further reduce \\\\ufb02ood risk \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). For inland \\\\ufb02ooding, combinations of non-structural \\\\nmeasures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees \\\\nhave reduced loss of lives (medium confidence), but hard defences \\\\nagainst flooding or sea level rise can also be maladaptive \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.4....\",\"Ecosystem-based \\\\nmanagement in fisheries and aquaculture supports food security, \\\\nbiodiversity, human health and well-being (high confidence). \\\\n{WGII SPM C.2.2, WGII SPM C.2; SROCC SPM C2.3, SROCC SPM C.2.4} \\\\n4.5.5. Health and Nutrition\\\\nHuman health will bene\\\\ufb01t from integrated mitigation and \\\\nadaptation options that mainstream health into food, \\\\ninfrastructure, social protection, and water policies (very high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Balanced and sustainable healthy diets156 and reduced \\\\nfood loss and waste...\",\"107\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nImproved access to clean energy sources and technologies, and shifts \\\\nto active mobility (e.g., walking and cycling) and public transport can \\\\ndeliver socioeconomic, air quality and health benefits, especially \\\\nfor women and children (high confidence). {WGII SPM C.2.2, WGII \\\\nSPM C.2.11, WGII Cross-Chapter Box HEALTH; WGIII SPM C.2.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.4.2, WGIII SPM C.9.1, WGIII SPM C.10.4, WGIII SPM \\\\nD.1.3, WGIII Figure SPM.6, WGIII Figure SPM....\",\"For vector-borne diseases, \\\\neffective adaptation options include surveillance, early warning \\\\nsystems, and vaccine development (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Effective \\\\nadaptation options for reducing mental health risks under climate \\\\nchange include improving surveillance and access to mental health \\\\ncare, and monitoring of psychosocial impacts from extreme weather \\\\nevents (high con\\\\ufb01dence). A key pathway to climate resilience in the \\\\nhealth sector is universal access to healthcare (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{W...\",\"Climate literacy \\\\nand information provided through climate services and community \\\\napproaches, including those that are informed by Indigenous Knowledge \\\\nand local knowledge, can accelerate behavioural changes and planning \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Educational and information programmes, using \\\\nthe arts, participatory modelling and citizen science can facilitate \\\\nawareness, heighten risk perception, and in\\\\ufb02uence behaviours (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). The way choices are presented can enable adoption of low \\\\nGHG...\",\"Climate services that are demand-driven and \\\\ninclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural \\\\npractices, inform better water use and ef\\\\ufb01ciency, and enable resilient \\\\ninfrastructure planning (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Policy mixes that include \\\\nweather and health insurance, social protection and adaptive safety \\\\nnets, contingent \\\\ufb01nance and reserve funds, and universal access to \\\\nearly warning systems combined with effective contingency plans, can \\\\nreduce vulnerability and exposure of h...\",\"Increasing adaptive capacity minimises \\\\nrisk associated with involuntary migration and immobility and improves \\\\nthe degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, while \\\\npolicy interventions can remove barriers and expand the alternatives for \\\\nsafe, orderly and regular migration that allows vulnerable people to adapt \\\\nto climate change (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.12, WGII TS.D.8.6, \\\\nWGII Cross-Chapter Box MIGRATE in Chapter 7}\\\\nAccelerating commitment and follow-through by the pri...\",\"108\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nMany mitigation and adaptation actions have multiple synergies \\\\nwith Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but some actions \\\\ncan also have trade-offs. Potential synergies with SDGs exceed \\\\npotential trade-offs. Synergies and trade-offs are context specific \\\\nand depend on: means and scale of implementation, intra- and \\\\ninter-sectoral interactions, cooperation between countries and regions, \\\\nthe sequencing, timing and stringency of actions, governance, and \\\\npolicy...\",\"Clean energy supply systems have multiple \\\\nco-benefits, including improvements in air quality and health. \\\\nHeat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response \\\\nsystems, approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, \\\\nsocial protection, water and sanitation benefit health and well-\\\\nbeing. There are potential synergies between multiple Sustainable \\\\nDevelopment Goals and sustainable land use and urban planning \\\\nwith more green spaces, reduced air pollution, and demand-side \\\\n...\",\"There is a strong link between \\\\nsustainable development, vulnerability and climate risks. Social safety \\\\nnets that support climate change adaptation have strong co-bene\\\\ufb01ts \\\\nwith development goals such as education, poverty alleviation, gender \\\\ninclusion and food security. Land restoration contributes to mitigation \\\\nand adaptation with synergies via enhanced ecosystem services and \\\\nwith economically positive returns and co-bene\\\\ufb01ts for poverty reduction \\\\nand improved livelihoods. Trade-offs can be...\",\"Countries at \\\\nall stages of economic development seek to improve the well-being \\\\nof people, and their development priorities re\\\\ufb02ect different starting \\\\npoints and contexts. Different contexts include but are not limited to \\\\nsocial, economic, environmental, cultural, or political circumstances, \\\\nresource endowment, capabilities, international environment, and prior \\\\ndevelopment. n regions with high dependency on fossil fuels for, among \\\\nother things, revenue and employment generation, mitigating ...\",\"109\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nNear-term adaptation and mitigation actions have more synergies \\\\nthan trade-offs with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)\\\\nSynergies and trade-offs depend on context and scale\\\\nEnergy systems\\\\nSDGs\\\\nUrban and infrastructure\\\\nLand system\\\\nOcean \\\\necosystems\\\\nSociety, \\\\nlivelihoods, and \\\\neconomies\\\\nIndustry\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nMitigation\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nMitigation\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nMitigation\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nAdaptation\\\\nMitigation\\\\nLimited evidence/no evidence/no assessment\\\\nBoth...\",\"Synergies and trade-offs across all individual options within a sector/system are aggregated into sector/system potentials for the \\\\nwhole mitigation or adaptation portfolio. The length of each bar represents the total number of mitigation or adaptation options under each system/sector. The number of adaptation \\\\nand mitigation options vary across system/sector, and have been normalised to 100% so that bars are comparable across mitigation, adaptation, system/sector, and SDGs. Positive \\\\nlinks show...\",\"110\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nin WGIII Figure SPM.8 under Urban systems, under Buildings and under Transport and adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Urban and infrastructure systems. Land \\\\nsystem comprises mitigation options listed in WGIII Figure SPM.8 under AFOLU and adaptation options listed in WGII Figure SPM.4b under Land and ocean systems: forest-based \\\\nadaptation, agroforestry, biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity, improved cropland management, ef\\\\ufb01cient...\",\"The synergies and trade-offs differ depending on the context and the scale of implementation. Scale of implementation particularly matters when there is \\\\ncompetition for scarce resources. For the sake of uniformity, we are not reporting the con\\\\ufb01dence levels because there is knowledge gap in adaptation option wise relation with SDGs \\\\nand their con\\\\ufb01dence level which is evident from WGII \\\\ufb01g SPM.4b. {WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII Figure SPM.8}\\\\nEffective climate governance enables mitigation and adaptati...\",\"This requires adequate institutional capacity at \\\\nall levels (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Vulnerabilities and climate risks are often \\\\nreduced through carefully designed and implemented laws, policies, \\\\nparticipatory processes, and interventions that address context \\\\nspeci\\\\ufb01c inequities such as based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, \\\\nlocation and income (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Policy support is in\\\\ufb02uenced by \\\\nIndigenous Peoples, businesses, and actors in civil society, including, \\\\nyouth, labour, media, and l...\",\"Multi-level, \\\\nhybrid and cross-sector governance facilitates appropriate consideration \\\\nfor co-bene\\\\ufb01ts and trade-offs, particularly in land sectors where decision \\\\nprocesses range from farm level to national scale (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nConsideration of climate justice can help to facilitate shifting development \\\\npathways towards sustainability. {WGII SPM C.5.5, WGII SPM C.5.6, \\\\nWGII SPM D.1.1, WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.3.2; SRCCL SPM C.3, \\\\nSRCCL TS.1}\\\\nDrawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships, i...\",\"Practical experience has informed instrument design and helped to \\\\nimprove predictability, environmental effectiveness, economic ef\\\\ufb01ciency, \\\\nand equity. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM E.4; WGIII SPM E.4.2}\\\\nScaling up and enhancing the use of regulatory instruments, \\\\nconsistent with national circumstances, can improve mitigation \\\\noutcomes in sectoral applications (high con\\\\ufb01dence), and \\\\nregulatory instruments that include \\\\ufb02exibility mechanisms \\\\ncan reduce costs of cutting emissions (medium con\\\\ufb01dence)....\",\"111\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n4.8.1. Finance for Mitigation and Adaptation Actions\\\\nImproved availability and access to \\\\ufb01nance157 will enable \\\\naccelerated climate action (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Addressing \\\\nneeds and gaps and broadening equitable access to domestic and \\\\ninternational \\\\ufb01nance, when combined with other supportive actions, can \\\\nact as a catalyst for accelerating mitigation and shifting development \\\\npathways (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate resilient development is en...\",\"Finance for Mitigation and Adaptation Actions\\\\nImproved availability and access to \\\\ufb01nance157 will enable \\\\naccelerated climate action (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Addressing \\\\nneeds and gaps and broadening equitable access to domestic and \\\\ninternational \\\\ufb01nance, when combined with other supportive actions, can \\\\nact as a catalyst for accelerating mitigation and shifting development \\\\npathways (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate resilient development is enabled \\\\nby increased international cooperation including improve...\",\"Increased \\\\ufb01nance would \\\\naddress soft limits to adaptation and rising climate risks while also averting \\\\n157 Finance can originate from diverse sources, singly or in combination: public or private, local, national or international, bilateral or multilateral, and alternative sources \\\\n(e.g., philanthropic, carbon offsets). It can be in the form of grants, technical assistance, loans (concessional and non-concessional), bonds, equity, risk insurance and \\\\ufb01nancial \\\\nguarantees (of various types).\\\\nsome ...\",\"Financial and \\\\ntechnological resources enable effective and ongoing implementation \\\\nof adaptation, especially when supported by institutions with a strong \\\\nunderstanding of adaptation needs and capacity (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAverage annual modelled mitigation investment requirements for \\\\n2020 to 2030 in scenarios that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C or 1.5\\\\u00b0C are a \\\\nfactor of three to six greater than current levels, and total mitigation \\\\ninvestments (public, private, domestic and international) would need \\\\nto...\",\"There is no consistent evidence that \\\\ncurrent emission trading systems have led to signi\\\\ufb01cant emissions \\\\nleakage (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM E4.2, WGIII SPM E.4.6} \\\\nRemoving fossil fuel subsidies would reduce emissions, improve \\\\npublic revenue and macroeconomic performance, and yield \\\\nother environmental and sustainable development bene\\\\ufb01ts such \\\\nas improved public revenue, macroeconomic and sustainability \\\\nperformance; subsidy removal can have adverse distributional \\\\nimpacts especially on the...\",\"Economy-wide packages can meet short-term \\\\neconomic goals while reducing emissions and shifting development \\\\npathways towards sustainability (medium confidence). Examples \\\\nare public spending commitments; pricing reforms; and investment \\\\nin education and training, R&amp;D and infrastructure (high confidence). \\\\nEffective policy packages would be comprehensive in coverage, \\\\nharnessed to a clear vision for change, balanced across objectives, \\\\naligned with specific technology and system needs, consisten...\",\"112\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nThere is suf\\\\ufb01cient global capital and liquidity to close global \\\\ninvestment gaps, given the size of the global \\\\ufb01nancial system, \\\\nbut there are barriers to redirect capital to climate action \\\\nboth within and outside the global \\\\ufb01nancial sector and in the \\\\ncontext of economic vulnerabilities and indebtedness facing \\\\nmany developing countries (high con\\\\ufb01dence). For shifts in private \\\\nfinance, options include better assessment of climate-related risks \\\\nand investment ...\",\"Tracked \\\\ufb01nancial \\\\ufb02ows fall short of the levels needed for \\\\nadaptation and to achieve mitigation goals across all sectors and \\\\nregions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). These gaps create many opportunities \\\\nand the challenge of closing gaps is largest in developing \\\\ncountries (high con\\\\ufb01dence). This includes a stronger alignment of \\\\npublic \\\\ufb01nance, lowering real and perceived regulatory, cost and market \\\\nbarriers, and higher levels of public \\\\ufb01nance to lower the risks associated \\\\nwith low-emission investments. Up-f...\",\"Accelerated support \\\\nfrom developed countries and multilateral institutions is a critical \\\\nenabler to enhance mitigation and adaptation action and can address \\\\ninequities in \\\\ufb01nance, including its costs, terms and conditions, and \\\\neconomic vulnerability to climate change. Scaled-up public grants for \\\\nmitigation and adaptation funding for vulnerable regions, e.g., in Sub-\\\\nSaharan Africa, would be cost-effective and have high social returns \\\\nin terms of access to basic energy. Options for scaling u...\",\"International Cooperation and Coordination \\\\nInternational cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving \\\\nambitious climate change mitigation goals and climate resilient \\\\ndevelopment (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate resilient development is \\\\nenabled by increased international cooperation including mobilising \\\\nand enhancing access to \\\\ufb01nance, particularly for developing countries, \\\\nvulnerable regions, sectors and groups and aligning \\\\ufb01nance \\\\ufb02ows \\\\nfor climate action to be consistent with ambition levels a...\",\"By integrating \\\\nequity and climate justice, national and international policies can help \\\\nto facilitate shifting development pathways towards sustainability, \\\\nespecially by mobilising and enhancing access to \\\\ufb01nance for vulnerable \\\\nregions, sectors and communities (high con\\\\ufb01dence). International \\\\ncooperation and coordination, including combined policy packages, \\\\nmay be particularly important for sustainability transitions in emissions-\\\\nintensive and highly traded basic materials industries that a...\",\"Multilateral governance \\\\nefforts can help reconcile contested interests, world views and values \\\\nabout how to address climate change. International environment and \\\\nsectoral agreements, and initiatives in some cases, may help to stimulate \\\\nlow GHG investment and reduce emissions (such as ozone depletion, \\\\ntransboundary air pollution and atmospheric emissions of mercury). \\\\nImprovements to national and international governance structures \\\\nwould further enable the decarbonisation of shipping and av...\",\"113\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n4.8.3. Technology Innovation, Adoption, Diffusion and \\\\nTransfer \\\\nEnhancing \\\\ntechnology \\\\ninnovation \\\\nsystems \\\\ncan \\\\nprovide \\\\nopportunities to lower emissions growth and create social and \\\\nenvironmental co-bene\\\\ufb01ts. Policy packages tailored to national \\\\ncontexts and technological characteristics have been effective \\\\nin supporting low-emission innovation and technology diffusion. \\\\nSupport for successful low-carbon technological innovation \\\\ninclu...\",\"(high confidence) {WGIII SPM B.4, WGIII SPM B.4.4, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.4.3, WGIII SPM E4.4}\\\\nInternational cooperation on innovation systems and technology \\\\ndevelopment and transfer, accompanied by capacity building, \\\\nknowledge sharing, and technical and \\\\ufb01nancial support can \\\\naccelerate the global diffusion of mitigation technologies, \\\\npractices and policies and align these with other development \\\\nobjectives (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Choice architecture can help end-users \\\\nadopt technology and low-GHG-intensive...\",\"Globally, current mitigation \\\\ufb01nancial \\\\ufb02ows are a factor of three \\\\nto six below the average levels up to 2030.\\\\nYearly mitigation investment \\\\n\\\\ufb02ows (USD 2015/yr ) in:\\\\nBy sector\\\\nBy type of economy\\\\nEnergy ef\\\\ufb01ciency\\\\nDeveloping countries\\\\nBy region\\\\nEurope\\\\nEastern Europe and West-Central Asia\\\\nLatin America and Caribbean\\\\nAfrica\\\\nMiddle East\\\\nNorth America\\\\nAustralia, Japan and New Zealand\\\\nSouth-East Asia and Paci\\\\ufb01c\\\\nSouthern Asia\\\\nDeveloped countries\\\\nAgriculture, forestry and other land use\\\\nElectricity\\\\nTranspo...\",\"The blue bars display data on mitigation investment \\\\ufb02ows for four years: 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 by sector and by type of economy. For the \\\\nregional breakdown, the annual average mitigation investment \\\\ufb02ows for 2017\\\\u20132019 are shown. The grey bars show the minimum and maximum level of global annual mitigation \\\\ninvestment needs in the assessed scenarios. This has been averaged until 2030. The multiplication factors show the ratio of global average early mitigation investment needs \\\\n(averaged until...\",\"114\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nInternational cooperation on innovation works best when tailored to \\\\nand bene\\\\ufb01cial for local value chains, when partners collaborate on an \\\\nequal footing, and when capacity building is an integral part of the \\\\neffort (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM E.4.4, WGIII SPM E.6.2}\\\\nTechnological innovation can have trade-offs that include \\\\nexternalities such as new and greater environmental impacts and \\\\nsocial inequalities; rebound effects leading to lower net emission \\\\nre...\",\"Digitalisation requires \\\\nappropriate governance and policies in order to enhance mitigation \\\\npotential (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Effective policy packages can help to \\\\nrealise synergies, avoid trade-offs and/or reduce rebound effects: \\\\nthese might include a mix of ef\\\\ufb01ciency targets, performance standards, \\\\ninformation provision, carbon pricing, \\\\ufb01nance and technical assistance \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM B.4.2, WGIII SPM B.4.3, WGIII SPM E.4.4, \\\\nWGIII TS 6.5, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 11 on Digitalizatio...\",\"{SRCCL SPM C.2.1, SRCCL SPM D.1.2, SRCCL SPM D.1.4, \\\\nSRCCL 7.4.4, SRCCL 7.4.6}\\\\nClimate resilient development strategies that treat climate, \\\\necosystems and biodiversity, and human society as parts of an \\\\nintegrated system are the most effective (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Human \\\\nand ecosystem vulnerability are interdependent (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nClimate resilient development is enabled when decision-making processes \\\\nand actions are integrated across sectors (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nSynergies with and progre...\",\"Such measures can also achieve \\\\ngreater bene\\\\ufb01ts through cascading effects across sectors \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). For example, the feasibility of using land for \\\\nboth agriculture and centralised solar production can increase when \\\\nsuch options are combined (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Similarly, integrated \\\\ntransport and energy infrastructure planning and operations can \\\\ntogether reduce the environmental, social, and economic impacts of \\\\ndecarbonising the transport and energy sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The \\\\nimp...\",\"{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.4.4; WGIII SPM C.6.3, WGIII SPM C.6, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.7.2, WGIII SPM C.8.5, WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII SPM D.1.5, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.1.2}\\\\nMitigation and adaptation when implemented together, and \\\\ncombined with broader sustainable development objectives, \\\\nwould yield multiple bene\\\\ufb01ts for human well-being as well as \\\\necosystem and planetary health (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The range of \\\\nsuch positive interactions is signi\\\\ufb01cant in the landscape of near-term \\\\nclimate policies across regions, sec...\",\"115\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand adaptation. Effective action in all of the above areas will \\\\nrequire near-term political commitment and follow-through, social \\\\ncooperation, \\\\ufb01nance, and more integrated cross-sectoral policies and \\\\nsupport and actions. (high con\\\\ufb01dence).  {WGII SPM C.1, WG II SPM C.2, \\\\nWGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.5, WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.3.2, \\\\nWGII SPM D.3.3, WGII Figure SPM.4; WGIII SPM C.6.3, WGIII SPM C.8.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.9, WGIII SPM C.9.1, WGIII SPM ...\"]],[\"color\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":[\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#d62728\",\"#d62728\",\"#d62728\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#98df8a\",\"#98df8a\",\"#999\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#d62728\",\"#98df8a\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff9896\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#d62728\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#98df8a\",\"#98df8a\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#d62728\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff9896\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#ff9896\",\"#d62728\",\"#ff9896\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#98df8a\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#ff9896\",\"#999\",\"#98df8a\",\"#98df8a\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#aec7e8\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#ffbb78\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#999\",\"#ff7f0e\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#d62728\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#999\",\"#ff9896\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#2ca02c\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#ff9896\",\"#ff9896\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#999\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\",\"#1f77b4\"],\"shape\":[304],\"dtype\":\"object\",\"order\":\"little\"}]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"p1280\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"p1281\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1276\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.7},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.7}}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1277\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1}}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1278\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2}}}}}],\"toolbar\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Toolbar\",\"id\":\"p1247\",\"attributes\":{\"logo\":\"grey\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HoverTool\",\"id\":\"p1262\",\"attributes\":{\"renderers\":\"auto\",\"tooltips\":\"\\\\n    &lt;div style=\\\\\"width:400px;\\\\\"&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Document id:&lt;/b&gt; @id &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Topic:&lt;/b&gt; @topic &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Document Content:&lt;/b&gt; @content\\\\n    &lt;/div&gt;\\\\n    \"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"PanTool\",\"id\":\"p1263\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"WheelZoomTool\",\"id\":\"p1264\",\"attributes\":{\"renderers\":\"auto\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxZoomTool\",\"id\":\"p1265\",\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxAnnotation\",\"id\":\"p1266\",\"attributes\":{\"syncable\":false,\"level\":\"overlay\",\"visible\":false,\"left\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"right\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"top\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"bottom\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"left_units\":\"canvas\",\"right_units\":\"canvas\",\"top_units\":\"canvas\",\"bottom_units\":\"canvas\",\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"fill_alpha\":0.5}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ResetTool\",\"id\":\"p1271\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"SaveTool\",\"id\":\"p1272\"}]}},\"left\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"p1257\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"p1258\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1259\"},\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1260\"}}}],\"below\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"p1252\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"p1253\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1254\"},\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1255\"}}}],\"center\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1256\",\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1252\"},\"grid_line_color\":\"white\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1261\",\"attributes\":{\"dimension\":1,\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1257\"},\"grid_line_color\":\"white\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Legend\",\"id\":\"p1282\",\"attributes\":{\"title\":\"Knowledge Base Topics\",\"title_text_font_style\":\"bold\",\"items\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1283\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Action\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":54}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1284\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Assessment\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":2}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1285\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Impacts\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":29}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1286\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Projections\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":114}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1287\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Risks\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":36}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1288\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Climate Change Scenarios\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":0}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1289\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Global GHG Emissions\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":17}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1290\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Others\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1279\"}],\"index\":5}}]}}],\"background_fill_color\":\"#efefef\"}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"TabPanel\",\"id\":\"p1361\",\"attributes\":{\"title\":\"Failures\",\"child\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"p1296\",\"attributes\":{\"sizing_mode\":\"stretch_width\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1306\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":1.9791462182998658,\"end\":12.721520709991456}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1307\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":-7.595079779624939,\"end\":4.121947169303894}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1308\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1309\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"p1299\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"Knowledge Base UMAP representation\",\"text_font_size\":\"14pt\"}},\"renderers\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"p1336\",\"attributes\":{\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1292\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1293\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1294\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[120],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"y\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[120],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"topic\",[\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Others\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Action\",\"Others\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Risks\"]],[\"correctness\",[false,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,false,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,false,true,true,true,false,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,false,true,true,false,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,false,false,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,false,true,true,true,true,false,true,false,false,false,true,true,false,false,false,true]],[\"questions\",[\"What are the consequences of global warming exceeding 2\\\\u00b0C for climate resilient development in some regions and sub-regions?\",\"What is the projected decline in coral reefs with a global warming of 1.5\\\\u00b0C?\",\"What is the expected uncertainty range in the total potential for mitigation options according to the IPCC report?\",\"What is the effect of increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions on the effectiveness of natural land and ocean carbon sinks?\",\"What does hatching represent on the maps depicting changes in maize yield and fisheries catch potential?\",\"What are the global reasons for concern (RFCs) compared between AR5 (2014) and AR6 (2022) in terms of global surface temperature change relative to 1850-1900?\",\"What are some land-related adaptation actions that can have mitigation co-benefits, according to the IPCC report?\",\"What percentage of the heating in the climate system is accounted for by ocean warming?\",\"What is the range of years for achieving 100% net zero CO2 pathways according to the data?\",\"How can climate services contribute to reducing vulnerability and exposure of human systems?\",\"What percentage of the global population lives in countries with per capita emissions greater than 6 tCO2-eq?\",\"What are the benefits of ecosystem-based solutions for sea level rise and land subsidence?\",\"What is the range of global GHG emissions reduction potential in end-use sectors by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios?\",\"What are the categories of the assessed modelled global pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot according to the IPCC report?\",\"What are the three complementary roles of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) according to the IPCC report?\",\"What are the observed impacts of climate change on urban infrastructure and the well-being of urban residents?\",\"What are the projected impacts of climate change on the availability of snowmelt water for irrigation in some snowmelt dependent river basins?\",\"What are the expected benefits of accelerated implementation of adaptation responses according to the IPCC report?\",\"How do the SSP scenarios differ from the RCP scenarios in terms of greenhouse gas and air pollutant futures?\",\"What is the range of harmonised GHG emissions across the pathways for 2019 as assessed in the IPCC report?\",\"Considering the findings of the IPCC report, what are the identified barriers impeding the uptake of low-emission technologies in developing nations, particularly the least developed among them?\",\"In the context of the IPCC report&#x27;s maps, what is the significance of hatching when considering the consensus on impact direction among climate-crop model combinations for maize yield and among climate-fisheries models for maximum fisheries catch potential?\",\"In the context of the IPCC report, could you enumerate the ancillary advantages of transitioning to clean energy systems, particularly those that intersect with multiple Sustainable Development Goals?\",\"Considering the pathways aligned with maintaining a global temperature rise to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot, what is the anticipated reduction percentage for methane emissions by the year 2030, as compared to the levels recorded in 2019?\",\"In the context of the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis version 2 database, what is the significance of the absence of a circle on the data visualizations, especially considering the implications for assessing sea level changes?\",\"According to the most recent assessments by the IPCC, what are the anticipated severe impacts on infrastructure, economy, and communities in mountainous regions as a result of changes in the cryosphere, and with what level of scientific confidence are these projections made?\",\"Since the year 2010, what specific percentage decreases in unit costs have been observed for solar energy, wind energy, and lithium-ion batteries, and how have these trends affected their deployment?\",\"In the context of the IPCC&#x27;s latest assessment report, what is the updated range for equilibrium climate sensitivity, and how does this compare to the range presented in the AR5?\",\"Considering the findings of the IPCC report, how might climate change exacerbate challenges to food production and the availability of drinking water, and which regions are expected to be most vulnerable to these impacts?\",\"Considering the latest IPCC report, what are the anticipated changes in the occurrence and severity of marine heatwaves as global temperatures continue to rise?\",\"According to the latest IPCC assessment, what were the precise atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in parts per million and parts per billion respectively for the year 2021, and how do these figures compare to those reported in previous years?\",\"Considering the necessity to limit global warming to 2\\\\u00b0C with an 83% probability, what proportion of the world&#x27;s coal reserves must remain unutilized?\",\"In the context of the IPCC AR6 WGI report, how do the various colors and patterns of hexagons in the inhabited regions figure correspond to the confidence levels and data availability regarding observed climatic changes?\",\"Considering the IPCC&#x27;s assessment, if a significant volcanic eruption were to transpire imminently, how might this event influence the trajectory of anthropogenic climate change effects within a short-term temporal frame, and what would be the expected duration of such an impact?\",\"Considering the IPCC&#x27;s projections, what is the anticipated reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050, expressed as a percentage relative to 2019 levels, under the pathways that are designed to keep temperature increases to no more than 1.5\\\\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels with a greater than 50% likelihood and minimal overshoot?\",\"According to the IPCC report, how does the integration of varied knowledge systems and the forging of partnerships, specifically with marginalized groups, contribute to the advancement of climate resilient development?\",\"Considering the near-term projections, how are cumulative CO2 emissions expected to influence climate hazards, and what are the potential implications for ecosystem and human risk levels?\",\"Within the context of the IPCC&#x27;s assessment, what is the updated likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity, and how does this compare to the range presented in the AR5 report?\",\"Considering the IPCC report, what are the specific barriers in developing countries, especially the least developed ones, that hinder the uptake of low-emission technologies, despite the recognized need for such innovations?\",\"Considering a scenario of approximately 2\\\\u00b0C global warming, how might food security be affected, specifically regarding the availability and quality of diets, and what populations are predicted to be most at risk?\",\"Considering the interplay between climate change mitigation actions and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), what are the projected CO2 emissions for the very low and low GHG emissions scenarios under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), specifically SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6?\",\"Considering the regional variations in greenhouse gas emissions as detailed in the IPCC report, what is the projected range of equilibrium climate sensitivity, and how might this range differ across various regions?\",\"Considering the varying development priorities and contexts among countries as outlined in the IPCC report, what are the specific risks to food and nutritional security that North America faces, and how might these differ from vulnerabilities in other regions?\",\"Considering the specific challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples and local communities, such as threats to food security and economic disruption due to environmental changes, how has their involvement, as noted in the IPCC report, impacted climate action and contributed to addressing these challenges?\",\"Considering the emphasis on global CO2 and non-CO2 emissions reductions in the IPCC report, which regions are categorized under Australasia, and how might their contributions to these emissions be characterized?\",\"Considering the various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their associated mitigation strategies, what is the updated likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity as reported in the IPCC&#x27;s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)?\",\"In the context of the projected scenarios and adaptation strategies outlined in the IPCC report, which sector is identified as having the highest percentage of adaptation responses to manage water-related risks and impacts?\",\"Considering the financial and technological resource requirements for adaptation highlighted in the IPCC report, what are the projected consequences of failing to meet these investment needs for urgent, effective, and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions against climate change?\",\"Considering the regional disparities highlighted in the IPCC report, how are the projected impacts on fisheries expected to vary by region in response to ocean physical and biogeochemical changes?\",\"Given the synergies between sustainable development and energy efficiency, what is the confidence level in the assertion that demand-side measures could substantially lower global greenhouse gas emissions in end-use sectors by the year 2050 relative to baseline scenarios, while also considering the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of such measures?\",\"Considering the increased rates of sea level rise reported by the IPCC, what are the projected benefits of accelerated adaptation responses for coastal communities vulnerable to these changes?\",\"Considering the IPCC&#x27;s assessment that with each increment of global warming, losses and damages will increase and be concentrated among the poorest vulnerable populations, what are the primary constraints in transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation as outlined in the report?\",\"Considering the limitations of models in representing certain extreme climatic conditions and ecosystem responses, how might delayed mitigation action influence the efficacy of adaptation strategies, as articulated in the IPCC report?\",\"Given the context of water-intensive industries&#x27; efforts to reduce water stress, how might the projected demand-side measures contribute to the reduction of global GHG emissions by 2050 in comparison to baseline scenarios, particularly in urban systems where integrated planning incorporates physical, natural, and social infrastructure?\",\"Considering the importance of sustainable development and the need to support climate change adaptation, what is the anticipated impact of unabated greenhouse gas emissions on the occurrence and severity of marine heatwaves, and how might this intersect with efforts to ensure ecosystem services and support vulnerable communities?\",\"Considering the various adaptation options outlined in the IPCC report, such as those effective in the agriculture sector and ecosystem-based approaches, what factors does the report identify as influencing the timing at which different countries might achieve net zero emissions?\",\"Considering the minimal impact on global GDP growth, what are the estimated reductions in global GHG emissions by 2050 for scenarios that aim to cap warming at 1.5\\\\u00b0C and 2\\\\u00b0C, and how do these reductions correlate with the projected increase in mitigation costs and economic benefits of reduced climate impacts and adaptation needs?\",\"Considering the mitigation potentials and varying regional impacts as noted in the IPCC report, how does climate change affect food security in different regions, particularly in the context of warming, changing precipitation patterns, loss of cryospheric elements, and increased frequency and intensity of climatic extremes?\",\"Considering the findings of the IPCC report, how much did the unit costs of solar energy, wind energy, and lithium-ion batteries decrease from 2010 to 2019, and how might these reductions contribute to the feasibility of system transitions in energy as outlined by the report?\",\"Considering the socio-economic disparities highlighted in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, what does the Synthesis Report summarize regarding the role of individuals with high socio-economic status in climate change mitigation and adaptation?\",\"As a policymaker working on integrating climate adaptation into our social protection programs, I&#x27;m looking to address adaptation gaps. Could you explain what factors increase the vulnerability to climate change specifically for Indigenous Peoples and local communities, considering historical inequities related to gender, ethnicity, and income?\",\"As a policymaker looking to develop equitable policies, how does the IPCC report describe the importance of equity, inclusion, and just transitions in climate change adaptation and mitigation?\",\"As a policy advisor preparing for an environmental summit, I need to understand the urgency of climate action. Can you tell me, under the very low GHG emission scenarios, what is the likelihood that global warming will reach 1.5\\\\u00b0C between 2021 and 2040?\",\"As a researcher looking into the difficulties of crafting accurate climate projections, I&#x27;m curious why the IPCC report indicates that the development of synthetic diagrams was limited for regions like Small Islands, Asia, and Central and South America?\",\"As a concerned citizen, I&#x27;m eager to understand how the pace of climate change might be affected by prompt mitigation efforts. Can you tell me what the IPCC report says about the projected consequences of delayed mitigation actions on global warming and our adaptation options?\",\"As a policy advisor, I&#x27;m looking to understand the implications of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios on global warming limits to inform our upcoming environmental legislation. Could you tell me what the projected global warming outcomes are for the modelled pathways based on policies implemented until the end of 2020?\",\"As a policymaker interested in the intersection of climate change adaptation and social equity, I&#x27;m drafting some legislative proposals. Could you tell me what is necessary to achieve deep emissions reductions and ensure a liveable and sustainable future for all, considering these broad societal aspects?\",\"As a researcher looking into the latest IPCC report, could you tell me what the probability is of peak global warming remaining under 1.5\\\\u00b0C according to the data they&#x27;ve provided?\",\"As an environmental science student preparing for a university presentation on the projected impacts of climate change on various ecosystems, could you tell me what the IPCC report says about the expected effects on coral reefs if global warming reaches 1.5\\\\u00b0C?\",\"As an environmental policy advisor, I&#x27;m looking for detailed insights into the effectiveness of adaptation strategies. Could you tell me about the projected impact on tropical marine species and global land area biome shifts if global warming reaches 4\\\\u00b0C?\",\"As an environmental policy maker looking to inform our future climate strategies, could you tell me by which year the very low and low GHG emissions scenarios SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 project CO2 emissions to decline to net zero?\",\"As a researcher analyzing the impact of human activities on global warming and the effectiveness of land and ocean sinks in absorbing CO2 emissions, I&#x27;m curious to know, what is the likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850\\\\u20131900 to 2010\\\\u20132019?\",\"As an environmental science major researching the impact of climate change on global water scarcity and food security for my university project, could you explain the main factors contributing to the severe water scarcity experienced by roughly half of the world&#x27;s population?\",\"As an environmental policy advisor preparing for an international sustainability conference, could you inform me about the effective adaptation strategies for water, food, and vector-borne diseases that the IPCC report recommends?\",\"As a researcher analyzing the IPCC report to understand human contributions to climate change indicators, could you tell me what the assessed confidence level is for the human contribution to the cooling of the lower stratosphere since the mid-20th century?\",\"As an environmental science professor deeply concerned about biodiversity, I&#x27;m examining the latest IPCC report to understand the consequences of climate change on various species. Could you tell me what the estimated range of species extinction risk is at a global warming level of 1.5\\\\u00b0C?\",\"As a concerned citizen, I&#x27;m trying to grasp the potential impacts of various greenhouse gas emissions scenarios on our planet. Could you tell me what the IPCC report says about the projected consequences if we don&#x27;t take urgent, effective, and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions?\",\"As a policy maker concerned with rising sea levels and climate change, can you explain the significance of coastal cities in advancing climate resilient development?\",\"As a researcher studying the socio-economic impacts of climate change on different regions, I&#x27;m curious why the IPCC report had limited synthetic diagrams for Small Islands, Asia, and Central and South America. Could you explain the reasons behind this limitation?\",\"As an environmental policy maker looking into urban infrastructure development strategies, could you explain how the latest IPCC report describes the potential benefits of integrating green/natural and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses?\",\"What do the square brackets and three dots (...) signify in the context of emissions pathways and net zero in the IPCC report?\",\"According to the 2018 data, what are the GHG emissions intensity in terms of tCO2-eq per USD1000PPP for Africa and North America, and what percentage of the global population lives in countries emitting more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita and less than 3 tCO2-eq per capita?\",\"What are some of the concurrent and cascading risks to human systems posed by climate change, and how will these be exacerbated in terms of food systems and health?\",\"What do the non-bracketed values represent in the &#x27;Temperature Change&#x27; and &#x27;Likelihood&#x27; columns of the IPCC pathways categories, and what is the projected timing for CO2 emissions to reach net zero according to the very low and low GHG emissions scenarios?\",\"What are the potential impacts, risks, and roles associated with the deployment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods in climate change mitigation?\",\"In the context of the IPCC report, what do the three dots (...) signify in the projected global warming levels and how are the projected pathways categorized?\",\"By what year do 100% of the net zero CO2 pathways need to be achieved according to the data provided, and what is the likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C?\",\"What does the area of the rectangles represent in the regional GHG emissions figures, and what has been the main driver of the global upper ocean warming since the 1970s?\",\"According to the report, what is the likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C and by what year do modelled pathways reach net zero CO2 emissions to limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot?\",\"What role do individuals with high socio-economic status play in emissions and what potential do they have in terms of emissions reductions, and how can the revenue from carbon taxes or emissions trading be used?\",\"According to the IPCC report, what are the consequences of the current rates of adaptation planning and implementation, and how are losses and damages due to climate change distributed?\",\"What are the key strategies for reaching net zero CO2 and GHG emissions according to the IPCC report, and what are the potential barriers to implementing AFOLU mitigation options that can affect carbon stored in vegetation and soils?\",\"How much has the global surface temperature increased by 2011-2020 compared to 1850-1900, and what are the main human activities responsible for the observed increases in greenhouse gas concentrations since around 1750?\",\"What is the purpose of the AR6 integrated assessment framework and the role of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) as described in the IPCC report?\",\"What are some limitations of the models used to project the impacts of climate change on fisheries and maize yield, and which climatic impact-drivers are projected to increase in all regions with high confidence?\",\"What are the potential trade-offs of technological innovation according to the IPCC report, and how can policy packages help in addressing these trade-offs and challenges of digitalisation and technological innovation?\",\"What does the yellow shading represent in the top panel (a) of Figure 2.4, and what is the significance of the vertical dashed line placed in 2010 in the bottom panel (b)?\",\"What are the projected near-term GHG emissions pathways in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and what is the significance of the SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 scenarios in terms of CO2 emissions?\",\"What are the projected impacts on food availability, the number of undernourished people, and the IPCC AR6&#x27;s assessment of risks associated with each Reason for Concern (RFC) at about 2\\\\u00b0C global warming?\",\"How can the integration of transport and energy infrastructure planning and operations benefit the environment, and what makes climate resilient development strategies most effective?\",\"What are the potential benefits of this approach?\",\"How much has it increased?\",\"What are some of the innovations mentioned?\",\"What is it?\",\"What is the percentage contribution of each?\",\"What are the benefits of these?\",\"What is the difference between these two?\",\"What do they include?\",\"What are some of these?\",\"What does it say?\",\"What determines the extent to which they will deliver higher or lower outcomes?\",\"What are these?\",\"What does it state about the likelihood?\",\"At what temperature does this occur?\",\"What are they according to that source?\",\"What does this document say about them?\",\"What determines these?\",\"What are they?\",\"What is it?\",\"What is it?\"]],[\"agent_answer\",[\"The consequences of global warming exceeding 2\\\\u00b0C for climate resilient development in regions and sub-regions include the intensification of various climatic impact-drivers such as temperature extremes, heavy precipitation, flooding events, and more frequent and severe agricultural and ecological droughts. Additionally, changes expand to more regions and become more significant, with tropical cyclones, extratropical storms, aridity, fire weather, and compound heatwaves and droughts becoming more likely and frequent.\\\\n\\\\nRegions and sub-regions affected by global warming exceeding 2\\\\u00b0C include Europe, Africa, Australasia, North America, Central America, South America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and West Africa.\",\"Coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% with a global warming of 1.5\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The expected uncertainty range in the total potential for mitigation options according to the IPCC report is typically 25\\\\u201350%.\",\"The effectiveness of natural land carbon sinks decreases as cumulative net CO2 emissions increase, and ocean carbon sinks become less effective with increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions.\",\"Hatching on the maps depicting changes in maize yield represents areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the direction of impact. \\\\n\\\\nHatching on the maps depicting changes in fisheries catch potential represents areas where less than 70% of the climate-fisheries model combinations agree on the sign of impact, or where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change.\",\"In both the AR5 (2014) and AR6 (2022) reports, RFC4 related to global surface temperature change relative to 1850-1900 focuses on impacts to socio-ecological systems that can be aggregated globally into a single metric, such as monetary damages, lives affected, species lost, or ecosystem degradation at a global scale.\",\"According to the IPCC report, some land-related adaptation actions that can have mitigation co-benefits include sustainable food production, improved and sustainable forest management, soil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land restoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced food loss and waste.\",\"Ocean warming accounts for 91% of the heating in the climate system.\",\"The range of years for achieving 100% net zero CO2 pathways according to the data is in the early 2050s.\",\"Climate services can contribute to reducing vulnerability of human systems by being demand-driven and inclusive of different users and providers. Additionally, policy mixes that include weather and health insurance, social protection, adaptive safety nets, contingent finance, reserve funds, and universal access to early warning systems combined with effective contingency plans can help reduce vulnerability and exposure of human systems. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs, such as cash transfers and public works programs, is also highly feasible and can increase resilience to climate change, especially when supported by basic services and infrastructure.\\\\n\\\\nClimate services can contribute to reducing exposure of human systems by being demand-driven and inclusive of different users and providers. They can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning. Additionally, policy mixes that include weather and health insurance, social protection, adaptive safety nets, contingent finance, reserve funds, and universal access to early warning systems combined with effective contingency plans can further reduce vulnerability and exposure of human systems.\",\"Around 48% of the global population lives in countries with per capita emissions greater than 6 tCO2-eq.\",\"Ecosystem-based solutions for sea level rise offer benefits such as protection against coastal erosion and flooding with very high confidence. Additionally, these solutions can reduce emissions and increase carbon uptake and storage with medium confidence.\\\\n\\\\nEcosystem-based solutions for land subsidence offer benefits such as reducing risks to biodiversity, water, and food security. They can enhance the resilience of carbon stocks and sinks, thereby reducing ecosystem vulnerability to climate change. Cooperation with local communities and Indigenous Peoples, along with inclusive decision-making processes, is crucial for successful adaptation across forests and other ecosystems.\",\"The range of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential in end-use sectors by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios is estimated to be between 40% and 70%.\",\"The categories of the assessed modelled global pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot according to the IPCC report are C1, C1a, and C1b.\",\"The three complementary roles of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) according to the IPCC report are:\\\\n\\\\n1. Lowering net CO2 or net GHG emissions in the near term.\\\\n2. Counterbalancing &#x27;hard-to-abate&#x27; residual emissions to help reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions.\\\\n3. Achieving net negative CO2 or GHG emissions if deployed at levels exceeding annual residual emissions.\",\"The observed impacts of climate change on urban infrastructure include compromised transportation, water, sanitation, and energy systems due to extreme and slow-onset events. This has led to economic losses, disruptions of services, and impacts on well-being. The impacts are particularly concentrated among economically and socially marginalized urban residents, such as those living in informal settlements.\\\\n\\\\nClimate change has also caused adverse impacts on the well-being of urban residents by intensifying hot extremes like heatwaves, worsening air pollution events, and compromising key infrastructure such as transportation, water, sanitation, and energy systems. These impacts have led to economic losses, disruptions of services, and overall negative effects on the well-being of urban populations, particularly those living in informal settlements.\",\"Climate change is projected to have significant impacts on the availability of snowmelt water for irrigation in snowmelt dependent river basins. These impacts include changes in the timing and quantity of snowmelt, which can affect water availability for agricultural purposes. Additionally, the projected increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns can further exacerbate water scarcity issues in these regions, potentially leading to challenges in meeting irrigation demands for agriculture.\\\\n\\\\nStrategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on snowmelt water availability for irrigation include implementing on-farm water management practices, enhancing water storage capabilities, promoting soil moisture conservation techniques, and investing in irrigation systems. Additionally, measures such as improving and diversifying cultivars, adopting agroforestry practices, and implementing community-based adaptation initiatives can also help address the challenges posed by reduced snowmelt water availability for irrigation due to climate change.\",\"The expected benefits of accelerated implementation of adaptation responses, according to the IPCC report, include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Benefits to human well-being\\\\n2. Reduction of future adaptation costs and losses\\\\n3. Enhancement of sustainable development co-benefits\\\\n4. Avoidance of locking-in emission sources\\\\n5. Reduction of stranded assets\\\\n6. Mitigation of irreversible climate changes\\\\n\\\\nThese actions may require higher initial investments and disruptive changes, but they can be managed through enabling conditions and the removal or reduction of barriers to feasibility.\",\"The SSP scenarios outline different levels of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant futures. The high and very high GHG emissions scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) project significant increases in CO2 emissions by 2100, leading to a net global warming of likely 0.4\\\\u00b0C to 0.9\\\\u00b0C relative to 2019. In contrast, the very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6) anticipate declining CO2 emissions, resulting in a net cooling effect due to air pollution control policies and reductions in CH4 and other ozone precursors. These scenarios also involve reductions in anthropogenic cooling aerosols, which contribute to a net warming effect.\\\\n\\\\nOn the other hand, RCP scenarios are used to assess future greenhouse gas concentrations and associated radiative forcing levels. These scenarios are named as RCPy, where &#x27;y&#x27; indicates the radiative forcing level in the year 2100. They provide a framework for understanding potential future emissions and their impacts on the climate system. Additionally, RCP scenarios are valuable for studying the implications of different levels of radiative forcing on air pollutant concentrations and their effects on the environment.\",\"The range of harmonised GHG emissions across pathways for 2019 in the IPCC report is 53-66 GtCO2-eq.\",\"The identified barriers impeding the uptake of low-emission technologies in developing nations, particularly the least developed among them, according to the IPCC report, include limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\",\"In the context of the IPCC report&#x27;s maps:\\\\n- Hatching indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the impact direction for maize yield.\\\\n- Hatching also indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-fisheries models agree on the impact direction for maximum fisheries catch potential. This disagreement among the models shows uncertainty in the direction of change in these areas.\",\"Transitioning to clean energy systems offers several ancillary advantages that intersect with multiple Sustainable Development Goals, as highlighted in the IPCC report. These advantages include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Improvements in air quality and health\\\\n2. Enhanced urban and land planning with more green spaces\\\\n3. Reduced air pollution\\\\n4. Promotion of sustainable healthy diets\\\\n5. Enhanced health outcomes\\\\n6. Creation of employment opportunities\\\\n7. Improved energy security\\\\n8. Promotion of equity\\\\n9. Conservation and restoration of ecosystems\\\\n10. Increased agricultural productivity\\\\n11. Enhanced food security\\\\n12. Biodiversity conservation\\\\n\\\\nThese ancillary advantages demonstrate the interconnectedness of transitioning to clean energy systems with various Sustainable Development Goals, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future.\",\"The anticipated reduction percentage for methane emissions by the year 2030, compared to the levels recorded in 2019, in pathways aligned with maintaining a global temperature rise to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot is 34%.\",\"The absence of a circle on the data visualizations in the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis version 2 database indicates an inability to perform an assessment due to a lack of data. This absence does not imply the absence of increasing frequencies in the data being analyzed.\",\"The most recent assessments by the IPCC highlight anticipated severe impacts on infrastructure, economy, and communities in mountainous regions as a result of changes in the cryosphere. These projections are made with high confidence.\",\"Since 2010, the following percentage decreases in unit costs have been observed:\\\\n\\\\n1. Solar Energy: Solar energy has seen a significant 85% decrease in unit costs since 2010. This substantial cost reduction has led to large increases in the deployment of solar energy, with deployment exceeding 10 times the previous levels.\\\\n\\\\n2. Wind Energy: The unit costs for wind energy have decreased by approximately 60% since 2010. This significant cost reduction has led to a substantial increase in the deployment of wind energy technologies globally.\\\\n\\\\n3. Lithium-Ion Batteries: The percentage decrease in unit costs for lithium-ion batteries since 2010 has been significant, leading to increased deployment of battery storage capacity.\",\"The updated range for equilibrium climate sensitivity in the IPCC&#x27;s latest assessment report is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C. This range is narrower than the range presented in the AR5.\",\"The IPCC report highlights that climate change could exacerbate challenges to food production by slowing down agricultural productivity growth globally, impacting crop yields in mid- and low latitude regions. Additionally, ocean warming and acidification may affect food production from shellfish aquaculture and fisheries in certain oceanic regions. The increase in extreme weather events could lead to acute food insecurity and reduced water security, particularly affecting small-scale food producers, low-income households, and Indigenous Peoples globally.\\\\n\\\\nIn terms of the availability of drinking water, climate change could increase the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation, leading to more rain-generated local flooding. The compounding and cascading effects of multiple climate change risks could result in concurrent heatwaves and droughts, impacting food production and reducing water security for drinking purposes.\\\\n\\\\nRegions expected to be most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on food production and availability of drinking water include Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Islands, and the Arctic.\",\"The latest IPCC report suggests that marine heatwaves are expected to become more frequent and severe as global temperatures continue to rise.\",\"According to the latest IPCC assessment for the year 2021:\\\\n- Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) was 415 parts per million (ppm).\\\\n- Atmospheric concentration of methane (CH4) was 1896 parts per billion (ppb).\\\\n- Atmospheric concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) was 335 parts per billion (ppb).\\\\n\\\\nComparing these figures to previous years:\\\\n- In previous years, the atmospheric concentrations were reported as 410 ppm for CO2, 1866 ppb for CH4, and 332 ppb for N2O.\",\"Approximately 80% of the world&#x27;s coal reserves must remain unutilized to limit global warming to 2\\\\u00b0C with an 83% probability.\",\"The various colors and patterns of hexagons in the inhabited regions figure in the IPCC AR6 WGI report correspond to the confidence levels and data availability regarding observed climatic changes. Striped hexagons (white and light-grey) indicate low agreement in the type of change for the region as a whole, while grey hexagons represent limited data and/or literature that prevents a comprehensive assessment. Other colors signify at least medium confidence in the observed change. The confidence level for human influence on these observed changes is indicated by the number of dots: three dots for high confidence, two dots for medium confidence, and one dot for low confidence (single, filled dot: limited agreement; single, empty dot: limited evidence).\",\"A significant volcanic eruption in the near term would temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change effects by reducing global surface temperature and precipitation, especially over land, for a period of one to three years. The impact of such an eruption on climate change effects typically lasts for one to three years.\",\"The anticipated reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050, relative to 2019 levels, under the pathways designed to limit temperature increases to no more than 1.5\\\\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels with a greater than 50% likelihood and minimal overshoot is projected to be 84%.\",\"The integration of varied knowledge systems and the forging of partnerships, particularly with marginalized groups such as women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and ethnic minorities, contribute significantly to the advancement of climate resilient development according to the IPCC report.\",\"Continued CO2 emissions are expected to intensify climate hazards by leading to more frequent and intense marine heatwaves, amplifying permafrost thawing, and increasing the loss of seasonal snow cover, glaciers, land ice, and Arctic sea ice. Additionally, global warming resulting from cumulative CO2 emissions is projected to further intensify the global water cycle, leading to increased variability in precipitation, global monsoon precipitation, and extreme wet and dry weather events.\\\\n\\\\nThe potential implications for ecosystem and human risk levels due to cumulative CO2 emissions include reduced effectiveness of natural carbon sinks in slowing CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere, leading to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases. This could result in increased risks of species extinction, irreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems, and elevated sea levels, impacting both ecosystems and human populations.\",\"The updated likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity in the IPCC&#x27;s assessment is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C. This range is narrower than the range presented in the AR5 report.\",\"The specific barriers in developing countries, especially the least developed ones, that hinder the uptake of low-emission technologies despite the recognized need for such innovations include limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\",\"Food security could be significantly impacted by approximately 2\\\\u00b0C global warming, leading to higher projected increases in direct flood damages compared to lower levels of global warming. Additionally, there could be a very high extinction risk for endemic species in biodiversity hotspots, which is projected to increase at least tenfold with a rise in temperature from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 2\\\\u00b0C. These factors could contribute to widespread systemic impacts, irreversible changes, and many additional adaptation limits, posing challenges to food security globally.\\\\n\\\\nLow-income households in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America are predicted to be most at risk due to food security issues related to 2\\\\u00b0C global warming.\",\"The projected CO2 emissions for the very low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-1.9 are expected to decline to net zero around 2050. \\\\nFor the low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-2.6, the projected CO2 emissions are expected to decline to net zero around 2070, followed by varying levels of net negative CO2 emissions.\",\"The projected range of equilibrium climate sensitivity according to the IPCC report is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C. In terms of regional variations in greenhouse gas emissions, the report outlines different scenarios with varying levels of warming based on different greenhouse gas emission pathways. These scenarios include very low GHG emissions leading to 1.4\\\\u00b0C warming, intermediate GHG emissions leading to 2.7\\\\u00b0C warming, and very high GHG emissions resulting in 4.4\\\\u00b0C warming by 2100.\",\"The specific risks to food and nutritional security in North America, as outlined in the IPCC report, include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Potential increases in nutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people, particularly among low-income households.\\\\n2. Projected decline in snowmelt water availability for irrigation in some snowmelt-dependent river basins by up to 20%.\\\\n3. Climate change risks to cities, settlements, and key infrastructure in North America are expected to rise sharply in the mid and long term with further global warming, especially in areas already exposed to high temperatures or with high vulnerabilities.\\\\n\\\\nIn comparison, vulnerabilities to food and nutritional security in other regions, as outlined in the IPCC report, include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Increased risks of nutrition-related diseases and undernourishment affecting tens to hundreds of millions of people, particularly in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America.\\\\n2. Projections indicate a decline in snowmelt water availability for irrigation in some snowmelt-dependent river basins.\\\\n3. Rising climate change risks to cities, settlements, and key infrastructure in areas already exposed to high temperatures, along coastlines, or with high vulnerabilities.\",\"The involvement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, as noted in the IPCC report, has positively impacted climate action and contributed to addressing challenges such as threats to food security and economic disruption due to environmental changes. Their participation has led to deeper ambition and accelerated action in addressing climate challenges. By utilizing just-transition and rights-based decision-making processes, Indigenous Peoples and local communities have enabled collective and participatory decision-making, resulting in a more inclusive and holistic approach to decision-making and adaptation strategies. This has contributed to positive impacts on climate action at various scales.\",\"Regions categorized under Australasia include Australia and New Zealand. Their contributions to global CO2 emissions and non-CO2 emissions are reflected in the regional GHG emissions data provided in the report.\",\"The updated likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity in the IPCC&#x27;s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The agriculture sector is identified as having the highest percentage (~60%) of adaptation responses to manage water-related risks and impacts in the projected scenarios and adaptation strategies outlined in the IPCC report.\",\"The projected consequences of failing to meet investment needs for urgent, effective, and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions against climate change include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Continued disproportionate impacts on the poorest and most vulnerable populations.\\\\n2. Increased economic and non-economic losses and damages.\\\\n3. Challenges in redirecting capital towards climate action due to various barriers within and outside the global financial sector. These barriers include inadequate assessment of climate-related risks and investment opportunities, regional mismatches in capital and investment needs, economic vulnerabilities, limited institutional capacities, and challenges related to risk-return profiles, regulatory environments, and investment models.\\\\n\\\\nFinancial and technological resources are crucial for effective and ongoing implementation of adaptation measures, particularly when supported by institutions with a strong understanding of adaptation needs and capacity. The IPCC report emphasizes the significant need for financial, technical, and human resources for adaptation, even with extensive global mitigation efforts. The average annual modelled mitigation investment requirements for the period 2020 to 2030 in scenarios aiming to limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C or 1.5\\\\u00b0C are estimated to be three to six times greater than current levels, indicating a substantial increase in total mitigation investments across all sectors and regions.\",\"The projected impacts on fisheries are expected to vary by region in response to ocean physical and biogeochemical changes.\",\"The confidence level in the assertion that demand-side measures could substantially lower global greenhouse gas emissions in end-use sectors by the year 2050 relative to baseline scenarios is high.\\\\n\\\\nThe potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of demand-side measures to lower global greenhouse gas emissions in end-use sectors by 2050 include a reduction in GHG emissions by 40-70% compared to baseline scenarios. This reduction can be achieved through changes in socio-cultural factors, infrastructure use, and land-use patterns enabled by shifts in food demand. However, it is noted that some regions and socioeconomic groups may require additional energy and resources to implement these measures effectively. Additionally, demand-side mitigation options can influence overall electricity demand, with the potential to avoid projected increases in electricity demand through measures focused on infrastructure use and socio-cultural factors that impact electricity usage in industry, land transport, and buildings.\",\"Accelerated adaptation responses for coastal communities vulnerable to increased rates of sea level rise reported by the IPCC include a combination of protection, accommodation, advance planning, and planned relocation. These responses are more effective when implemented in a combined and/or sequenced manner, planned well in advance, aligned with sociocultural values, and supported by inclusive community engagement processes. Ecosystem-based solutions like wetlands provide co-benefits for the environment and climate mitigation, as well as reducing costs for flood defenses. However, these solutions have physical limits and may lose effectiveness at high rates of sea level rise. Seawalls are mentioned as potentially maladaptive in the long term unless integrated into a comprehensive long-term adaptive plan.\",\"The primary constraints in transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation, as outlined in the IPCC report, involve financial, governance, institutional, and policy domains. These constraints can pose challenges in implementing more transformative adaptation measures to address the increasing losses and damages associated with global warming, especially among the poorest and most vulnerable populations.\",\"Delayed mitigation action can influence the efficacy of adaptation strategies by exacerbating the impacts of extreme climatic conditions and ecosystem responses. The IPCC report highlights that delayed mitigation can lead to irreversible damage to ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and increased vulnerability of communities to climate-related disasters. Additionally, delayed action can result in higher adaptation costs, reduced effectiveness of adaptation measures, and limited options for sustainable development. Overall, the IPCC emphasizes the importance of timely and ambitious mitigation efforts to enhance the effectiveness of adaptation strategies and minimize the risks associated with climate change impacts.\",\"Projected demand-side measures could potentially contribute to reducing global GHG emissions by 40\\\\u201370% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios. These measures involve socio-cultural factors, changes in infrastructure use, and alterations in land-use patterns driven by shifts in food demand. By implementing demand-side measures and introducing new approaches to end-use service provision, significant reductions in GHG emissions in end-use sectors such as buildings, land transport, and food can be achieved. It is noted that certain regions and socioeconomic groups may necessitate additional energy and resources to support these mitigation efforts.\\\\n\\\\nIntegrated planning approaches in urban systems, which involve incorporating physical, natural, and social infrastructure, contribute to reducing water stress in water-intensive industries by promoting measures such as water recycling and reuse, utilizing brackish or saline water sources, and improving water use efficiency. These approaches help in enhancing water management practices, which can benefit industries like mining in mitigating water stress challenges.\\\\n\\\\nProjected demand-side measures in water-intensive industries can contribute to reducing water stress in urban systems by 2050 through initiatives such as water recycling and reuse, utilizing brackish or saline water sources, and enhancing water use efficiency. These measures aim to mitigate water stress by reducing the overall demand for freshwater resources within these industries, thereby potentially alleviating pressure on urban water systems and resources.\",\"Unabated greenhouse gas emissions are anticipated to lead to more frequent and intense marine heatwaves. These heatwaves pose risks of biodiversity loss in the oceans, leading to mass mortality events and impacting marine ecosystems and the services they provide.\\\\n\\\\nEfforts to ensure ecosystem services and support vulnerable communities intersect with the increasing frequency of marine heatwaves. Vulnerable communities reliant on these ecosystems for livelihoods and resources may face challenges due to the disruptions caused by marine heatwaves.\",\"The factors identified in the IPCC report that influence the timing at which different countries might achieve net zero emissions include equity considerations, capacity constraints, policies, institutions, and milestones for tracking progress.\\\\n\\\\nIn terms of adaptation options effective in the agriculture sector, the IPCC report outlines cultivar improvements, on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, irrigation, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, and sustainable land management approaches. Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches mentioned in the report include urban greening, restoration of wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems, and land-based adaptation options like sustainable food production, improved forest management, and ecosystem conservation.\",\"For scenarios aiming to cap warming at 1.5\\\\u00b0C, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to fall by 84% by 2050. In contrast, for scenarios targeting a 2\\\\u00b0C limit, global GHG emissions are expected to decrease by 64% by the same year.\\\\n\\\\nThere is a correlation between reductions in global GHG emissions by 2050 and various factors. The costs of mitigation are projected to increase with global warming levels, but the economic benefits of reducing climate impacts are expected to outweigh the costs of mitigation. Additionally, limiting global warming to lower levels, such as 1.5\\\\u00b0C instead of 2\\\\u00b0C, may increase the costs of mitigation but also increase the benefits in terms of reduced impacts and related risks, as well as reduced adaptation needs. The economic effects of strengthened mitigation actions are influenced by factors such as regional emissions reductions, policy design, economic structure, and international cooperation.\",\"Climate change affects food security in different regions by reducing overall agricultural productivity globally, with negative impacts mainly in mid- and low latitude regions and some positive impacts in high latitude regions. It has also contributed to a decrease in maximum catch potential in oceans, impacting food production from shellfish aquaculture and fisheries in certain oceanic regions. Climate change has increased risks of dryland water scarcity globally and exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity and reduced water security, with the largest impacts observed in various locations and communities across Africa, Asia, Central and South America, LDCs, Small Islands, and the Arctic.\\\\n\\\\nThe IPCC report highlights that mitigation potentials can vary depending on socio-economic development trajectories and adaptation actions. Development pathways with higher resource-intensive consumption and production can result in higher risks from water scarcity, land degradation, and food insecurity. Changes in demography or investments in health systems can impact health-related outcomes. With every increment of warming, climate change impacts and risks will become more complex and difficult to manage, with regions projected to experience an increase in compound events like heatwaves and droughts. Multiple climatic and non-climatic risk drivers can interact, compounding overall risk and cascading risks across sectors and regions.\\\\n\\\\nClimate change impacts food security by reducing overall agricultural productivity globally over the past 50 years, with negative crop yield impacts mainly observed in mid- and low latitude regions. The warming climate, changing precipitation patterns, loss of cryospheric elements, and increased frequency and intensity of climatic extremes hinder efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals and have led to severe consequences for food security globally.\",\"The unit costs of solar energy decreased from $600 per MWh in 2010 to $150 per MWh in 2019. \\\\nThe unit costs of wind energy decreased from $1200 per MWh in 2010 to $0 per MWh in 2019. \\\\nThe unit costs of lithium-ion batteries decreased from $600 per kWh in 2010 to $150 per kWh in 2019.\\\\n\\\\nThese reductions in unit costs of solar energy, wind energy, and lithium-ion batteries from 2010 to 2019 contribute significantly to the feasibility of system transitions in energy as outlined by the IPCC report. Lower costs make renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies more competitive with traditional fossil fuels, accelerating the transition to a more sustainable and low-carbon energy system. The decreasing costs also make it more economically viable for countries and industries to invest in renewable energy and energy storage, leading to a more rapid adoption of clean energy technologies.\",\"Individuals with high socio-economic status play a significant role in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, as highlighted in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. They have the highest potential for emissions reductions and can contribute through various means such as citizens, investors, consumers, role models, and professionals. Policies, infrastructure, and technology can support behavior and lifestyle changes towards adopting low-GHG-intensive options. Broadening access to finance, technologies, and capacity can accelerate mitigation efforts, especially in low-income contexts. The report emphasizes the importance of equitable and just actions to achieve sustainable development objectives and highlights the potential for technology development, transfer, and financing to support the transition to low-emissions systems, providing multiple co-benefits for society.\",\"Factors increasing vulnerability to climate change for Indigenous Peoples and local communities include inequity, marginalization, historical and ongoing patterns of inequity such as colonialism, and governance challenges. \\\\n\\\\nHistorical inequities related to gender, ethnicity, and income have a significant impact on vulnerability to climate change for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.\",\"The IPCC report emphasizes the importance of equity, inclusion, and just transitions in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. These principles are crucial for achieving progress in adaptation, deeper societal ambitions for mitigation, and sustainable outcomes. Prioritizing equity, climate justice, rights-based approaches, social justice, and inclusivity not only leads to more sustainable outcomes but also supports transformative change and advances climate resilient development. Redistributive policies that focus on shielding the poor and vulnerable, social safety nets, and just transitions can enable deeper societal ambitions and resolve trade-offs with sustainable development goals. Integrating equity, inclusion, and just transitions at all scales is essential for accelerating mitigation efforts and broader climate action, ultimately leading to more effective and equitable responses to the challenges posed by climate change.\",\"The likelihood of global warming reaching 1.5\\\\u00b0C between 2021 and 2040 under very low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios is high. This indicates the urgency for climate action to mitigate the impacts of global warming.\",\"The development of synthetic diagrams for regions like Small Islands, Asia, and Central and South America was limited due to several factors. These include the lack of adequately downscaled climate projections, uncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and the resulting few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\",\"The IPCC report highlights that delayed mitigation actions will result in further increases in global warming. This will decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including Ecosystem-based Adaptation and various water-related options. Furthermore, delayed mitigation actions will increase the risks associated with mitigation feasibility, especially for options based on ecosystems.\",\"The projected global warming outcomes for modelled pathways based on policies implemented until the end of 2020 indicate a global warming of 3.2\\\\u00b0C (with a range of 2.2 to 3.5\\\\u00b0C) by 2100 with medium confidence.\",\"To achieve deep emissions reductions for a liveable and sustainable future, rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary. \\\\n\\\\nTo integrate social equity into climate change adaptation policies, measures such as incorporating climate adaptation into social protection programs like cash transfers and public works programs can be implemented. This integration, supported by basic services and infrastructure, can enhance resilience to climate change. Prioritizing equity, climate justice, rights-based approaches, social justice, and inclusivity in adaptation and mitigation actions across scales, sectors, and regions can lead to more sustainable outcomes and support transformative change. Redistributive policies that protect the poor and vulnerable, social safety nets, and just transitions at all scales can enable deeper societal ambitions and resolve trade-offs with sustainable development goals.\",\"The probability of peak global warming remaining under 1.5\\\\u00b0C according to the latest IPCC report is 38%.\",\"According to the IPCC report, coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% if global warming reaches 1.5\\\\u00b0C. This indicates a significant negative impact on coral reefs due to climate change.\",\"At 4\\\\u00b0C global warming, approximately 50% of tropical marine species are projected to face local extinction. Additionally, biome shifts are projected to occur across 35% of the global land area.\",\"The very low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-1.9 projects CO2 emissions to decline to net zero by the year 2050, while the low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-2.6 projects CO2 emissions to decline to net zero by the year 2070.\",\"The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850\\\\u20131900 to 2010\\\\u20132019 is between 0.8\\\\u00b0C to 1.3\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 1.07\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The main factors contributing to severe water scarcity for roughly half of the world&#x27;s population include unsustainable agricultural expansion and increasing weather and climate extreme events. These factors have a significant impact on global water resources and contribute to the challenges faced by many regions in terms of water availability.\",\"The IPCC report recommends the following effective adaptation strategies:\\\\n\\\\n1. **Water**: Improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme weather events, and implementing improved early warning systems, surveillance, and vaccine development.\\\\n\\\\n2. **Food**: Improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme weather events, and implementing improved early warning systems, surveillance, and vaccine development.\\\\n\\\\n3. **Vector-borne diseases**: Surveillance, early warning systems, and vaccine development.\",\"The assessed confidence level for the human contribution to the cooling of the lower stratosphere since the mid-20th century, as stated in the IPCC report, is \\\\\"very likely.\\\\\"\",\"The estimated range of species extinction risk at a global warming level of 1.5\\\\u00b0C, according to the latest IPCC report, is that 3 to 14% of the tens of thousands of species assessed are estimated to face a very high risk of extinction.\",\"The IPCC report highlights that if urgent, effective, and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions are not taken, the consequences include escalating adverse impacts and related losses and damages due to climate change. Delayed mitigation efforts are expected to increase global warming, reducing the effectiveness of many adaptation options and raising risks for mitigation feasibility. Furthermore, without prompt actions, the magnitude and rate of climate change will intensify, diminishing the effectiveness of various adaptation strategies such as Ecosystem-based Adaptation and water-related options.\",\"Coastal cities play a crucial role in advancing climate resilient development due to several reasons:\\\\n\\\\n1. High Population Density: Coastal cities have a high population density, especially in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone. This makes them vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels and extreme weather events caused by climate change.\\\\n\\\\n2. Increasing Risks: Coastal cities face increasing risks from climate-related factors such as sea-level rise, storm surges, and coastal erosion. These risks highlight the urgent need for climate resilient development strategies to protect lives, infrastructure, and economies.\\\\n\\\\n3. Economic Importance: Coastal cities are key economic hubs with significant contributions to national economies. Ensuring their resilience to climate change impacts is essential for maintaining economic stability and prosperity.\\\\n\\\\n4. Driving Sustainable Development: Coastal cities have the potential to drive sustainable development actions that integrate adaptation and mitigation efforts. By implementing climate resilient strategies, they can lead the way in building resilient communities and economies.\\\\n\\\\nOverall, the significance of coastal cities in advancing climate resilient development lies in their ability to address the challenges posed by climate change and contribute to the overall resilience of societies and economies.\",\"The limited development of synthetic diagrams for Small Islands, Asia, and Central and South America in the IPCC report was primarily due to the following reasons:\\\\n1. Scarcity of adequately downscaled climate projections: There was a lack of detailed and localized climate projections for these regions, making it challenging to create comprehensive synthetic diagrams.\\\\n2. Uncertainty in the direction of change: The uncertainty surrounding the specific impacts of climate change on these regions made it difficult to create accurate and reliable synthetic diagrams.\\\\n3. Diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts within regions: The diverse climatic conditions and socioeconomic factors within these regions posed challenges in creating generalized synthetic diagrams that could capture the unique characteristics of each area.\\\\n4. Lack of impact and risk projections for different warming levels: The absence of detailed impact and risk projections for various levels of warming hindered the creation of comprehensive synthetic diagrams for Small Islands, Asia, and Central and South America.\",\"Integrating green/natural and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses, as described in the latest IPCC report, can reduce adaptation costs and contribute to various aspects such as flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention, and coastal protection. This integration offers multiple benefits in terms of climate resilience and sustainable urban development.\",\"In the context of emissions pathways in the IPCC report, square brackets signify the 5th-95th percentile interval. \\\\n\\\\nIn the context of net zero in the IPCC report, three dots (...) signify that net zero has not been reached for that percentile.\",\"Based on the 2018 data:\\\\n\\\\n1. The GHG emissions intensity in terms of tCO2-eq per USD1000PPP for Africa is 0.78.\\\\n2. The GHG emissions intensity in terms of tCO2-eq per USD1000PPP for North America is 0.30.\\\\n3. Around 87% of the global population lives in countries emitting more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita and less than 3 tCO2-eq per capita.\",\"Climate change poses concurrent and cascading risks to human systems such as food systems, human settlements, infrastructure, and health. These risks are projected to become more severe and challenging to manage, especially when interacting with non-climatic risk drivers like competition for land between urban expansion and food production, as well as pandemics. Loss of ecosystems and their services is highlighted as having cascading and long-term impacts on people globally, particularly affecting Indigenous Peoples and local communities who rely directly on ecosystems to meet basic needs. Additionally, increasing transboundary risks are expected across the food, energy, and water sectors as impacts from weather and climate extremes propagate through supply-chains, markets, and natural resource flows, potentially interacting with impacts from other crises like pandemics.\\\\n\\\\nThe concurrent and cascading risks of climate change will be exacerbated in terms of food systems and health due to interactions with non-climatic risk drivers such as competition for land between urban expansion and food production, as well as pandemics. Loss of ecosystems and their services will have cascading and long-term impacts, particularly affecting Indigenous Peoples and local communities who rely directly on ecosystems for basic needs. Additionally, increasing transboundary risks across the food, energy, and water sectors will be projected as impacts from weather and climate extremes propagate through supply-chains, markets, and natural resource flows, potentially interacting with other crises such as pandemics.\",\"The non-bracketed values in the &#x27;Temperature Change&#x27; and &#x27;Likelihood&#x27; columns of the IPCC pathways categories represent the 50th percentile across the pathways in that category and the median across the warming estimates of the probabilistic MAGICC climate model emulator.\\\\n\\\\nCO2 emissions are projected to reach net zero around 2050 for the very low GHG emissions scenario (SSP1-1.9) and around 2070 for the low GHG emissions scenario (SSP1-2.6) in the IPCC pathways categories.\",\"### Potential Impacts of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods in Climate Change Mitigation:\\\\n- CDR methods have varying impacts on climate change mitigation based on factors such as maturity, removal process, time scale of carbon storage, storage medium, mitigation potential, cost, co-benefits, impacts, and risks.\\\\n- Some CDR methods have higher potential for carbon removal than others, with costs ranging from lower to higher depending on the method.\\\\n- Estimated storage timescales vary, with some methods storing carbon for decades to centuries while others can store it for ten thousand years or more.\\\\n- Afforestation, reforestation, improved forest management, agroforestry, and soil carbon sequestration are currently the most widely practiced CDR methods.\\\\n- Deployment of CDR methods in global mitigation pathways depends on factors such as costs, availability, and constraints.\\\\n- Achieving and sustaining net negative global CO2 emissions through CDR could help reverse temperature exceedance resulting from exceeding a specific remaining carbon budget.\\\\n\\\\n### Risks Associated with the Deployment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods in Climate Change Mitigation:\\\\n- Risks include variability in impacts, risks, and co-benefits depending on the specific method, site-specific context, implementation, and scale.\\\\n- Uncertainties related to the effectiveness and long-term consequences of CDR methods pose risks.\\\\n- Potential negative impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and communities are a concern.\\\\n- Governance requirements and ensuring sustainable deployment are challenges associated with CDR methods.\\\\n\\\\n### Roles Associated with the Deployment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods in Climate Change Mitigation:\\\\n- Lowering net CO2 or net GHG emissions in the near term is a key role of CDR methods.\\\\n- Counterbalancing &#x27;hard-to-abate&#x27; residual emissions to help reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions is another role.\\\\n- Achieving net negative CO2 or GHG emissions if deployed at levels exceeding annual residual emissions is a significant role in climate change mitigation.\",\"In the IPCC report, the three dots (...) signify high confidence in the projected global warming levels. \\\\n\\\\nThe projected pathways in the IPCC report are categorized based on their likelihood of limiting warming to different peak warming levels (if peak temperature occurs before 2100) and 2100 warming levels.\",\"100% of the net zero CO2 pathways need to be achieved by the early 2050s. The likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C is greater than 50% if deep, rapid, and sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions are achieved, reaching net zero CO2 emissions and including strong emissions reductions of other greenhouse gases.\",\"The area of the rectangles in the regional GHG emissions figures represents the total emissions for each region. \\\\n\\\\nHuman influence has been identified as the main driver of the global upper ocean warming since the 1970s.\",\"The likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C is estimated to be in the first half of the 2030s in most considered scenarios. In the very low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SSP1-1.9), net zero CO2 emissions are projected to be reached around 2050 to limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot.\",\"Individuals with high socio-economic status play a significant role in emissions as they contribute disproportionately to emissions. They have the highest potential for emissions reductions through various means such as being citizens, investors, consumers, role models, and professionals. They can contribute to reducing high-emissions consumption through the design of instruments like taxes, subsidies, prices, and consumption-based approaches. Additionally, they can support behavior and lifestyle changes towards adopting low-GHG-intensive options, which can have multiple co-benefits for societal well-being.\\\\n\\\\nThe revenue from carbon taxes or emissions trading can be used to support low-income households and address equity and distributional impacts.\",\"The consequences of the current rates of adaptation planning and implementation, as outlined in the IPCC report, indicate that many funding, knowledge, and practice gaps persist for effective execution. It is expected that existing adaptation efforts will not meet the established goals. The report also highlights that at the current pace of adaptation planning and implementation, the adaptation gap is projected to continue expanding. Additionally, it is noted that soft and hard adaptation limits have already been reached in certain sectors and regions, despite adaptation efforts having mitigated some climate impacts.\\\\n\\\\nLosses and damages due to climate change are expected to increase with every increment of global warming, with a strong concentration among the poorest and most vulnerable populations. These impacts will be unequally distributed across different systems, regions, and sectors, and are not adequately addressed by current financial, governance, and institutional arrangements, particularly in vulnerable developing countries.\",\"The key strategies for reaching net zero CO2 and GHG emissions according to the IPCC report include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Achieving global net zero emissions by counterbalancing remaining CO2 and non-CO2 emissions with durably stored CO2 removals.\\\\n2. Focusing on sectors and regions to achieve net zero or net negative emissions.\\\\n3. Considering equity and capacity in the adoption and implementation of net zero targets.\\\\n4. Addressing implementation challenges such as technology risks, scaling, and costs.\\\\n5. Engaging various stakeholders like policymakers, citizens, private sector, and civil society to influence climate governance and policy outcomes.\\\\n\\\\nPotential barriers to implementing AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use) mitigation options that can affect carbon stored in vegetation and soils include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Insufficient institutional and financial support.\\\\n2. Uncertainty over long-term additionality and trade-offs.\\\\n3. Weak governance.\\\\n4. Insecure land ownership.\\\\n5. Low incomes and lack of access to alternative sources of income.\\\\n6. The risk of reversal of mitigation efforts.\",\"The global surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.1\\\\u00b0C from 1850-1900 to 2011-2020. \\\\n\\\\nThe main human activities responsible for the observed increases in greenhouse gas concentrations since around 1750 include emissions from unsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change, as well as lifestyles and patterns of consumption and production across regions.\",\"The purpose of the AR6 integrated assessment framework is to assess future greenhouse gas emissions, climate change risks, impacts, and mitigation strategies. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between socio-economic development, policy decisions, emissions pathways, global surface temperature responses, and various scenarios considered by different working groups within the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.\\\\n\\\\nThe Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) in the IPCC report are designed to encompass a range of challenges related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. They are utilized to assess future exposure, vulnerability, and adaptation challenges in the context of climate impacts and risks. Depending on the extent of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, the modelled emission scenarios based on the SSPs can align with either low or high levels of warming. The SSPs play a crucial role in exploring different mitigation strategies that could correspond to various levels of global warming by the year 2100.\",\"The limitations of the models used to project the impacts of climate change on fisheries and maize yield include:\\\\n\\\\n1. The models do not account for changes in fishing activities and some extreme climatic conditions.\\\\n2. Projections for the Arctic regions have low confidence due to uncertainties related to modeling multiple interacting drivers and ecosystem responses.\\\\n3. Models focusing on maize yield assume irrigated areas are not water-limited and do not consider factors like pests, diseases, future agro-technological changes, and some extreme climate responses.\\\\n\\\\nClimatic impact-drivers projected to increase in all regions with high confidence include increases in hot and decreases in cold climatic conditions.\",\"The potential trade-offs of technological innovation according to the IPCC report include new and increased environmental impacts, social inequalities, rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even emission increases, and overreliance on foreign knowledge and providers. These trade-offs can be addressed through well-designed policies and governance measures that consider distributional impacts, rebound effects, and the potential negative consequences of societal digitalization.\\\\n\\\\nPolicy packages can help in addressing the trade-offs and challenges of digitalisation and technological innovation by including a mix of efficiency targets, performance standards, information provision, carbon pricing, finance, and technical assistance. These policies can help realize synergies, avoid trade-offs, and reduce rebound effects associated with technological innovation and digitalization. Additionally, appropriately designed policies and governance have been effective in addressing distributional impacts, rebound effects, and overdependence on foreign knowledge and providers, thus mitigating the negative impacts of technological innovation.\",\"The yellow shading in the top panel (a) of Figure 2.4 represents the range of estimates for the breakdown of the potential into cost categories related to mitigation options. \\\\n\\\\nThe vertical dashed line placed in 2010 in the bottom panel (b) signifies the boundary between historical observations and future projections.\",\"The projected near-term GHG emissions pathways in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable ambition levels beyond 2030 are part of the scenarios across categories C5\\\\u2013C7.\\\\n\\\\nThe SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 scenarios are significant in terms of CO2 emissions as they involve a trajectory where CO2 emissions decline to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO2 emissions. This indicates a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions over time, eventually reaching levels where the net impact on CO2 in the atmosphere becomes negative.\",\"At about 2\\\\u00b0C global warming, the projected impacts on food availability include changes in maize yield and maximum fisheries catch potential. Maize yield is expected to change based on an ensemble of crop models driven by Earth system models, with varying impacts depending on the specific global warming levels. Changes in maximum fisheries catch potential are also projected to occur, indicating potential shifts in fisheries production.\\\\n\\\\nHundreds of millions of people are estimated to be affected by undernourishment at about 2\\\\u00b0C global warming.\\\\n\\\\nAccording to the IPCC AR6 assessment, at about 2\\\\u00b0C of global warming, the risks associated with the unequal distribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4), and large-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high risk levels. The risk associated with extreme weather events (RFC2) would be transitioning to a very high-risk level. The risk associated with unique and threatened systems (RFC1) would be at a very high-risk level.\",\"Integration of transport and energy infrastructure planning and operations can benefit the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy efficiency, and enhancing overall sustainability. This integration can lead to the development of smart and interconnected systems that optimize resource use and minimize environmental impact. Additionally, climate-resilient development strategies are most effective when they incorporate adaptive measures, prioritize community engagement, and consider long-term sustainability goals.\",\"The potential benefits of combining green/natural infrastructure adaptation responses and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Reducing adaptation costs\\\\n2. Contributing to flood control\\\\n3. Improving sanitation\\\\n4. Enhancing water resources management\\\\n5. Preventing landslides\\\\n6. Providing coastal protection\\\\n\\\\nBy combining these approaches, you can leverage the strengths of both green/natural and grey/physical infrastructure to achieve comprehensive adaptation solutions.\",\"The global surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.1\\\\u00b0C from the period of 1850-1900 to the period of 2011-2020.\",\"The innovations mentioned in the recent IPCC report section about adaptation and resilience finance include forecast-based/anticipatory financing systems and regional risk insurance pools.\",\"The total potential of mitigation options presented in the IPCC report is uncertain and can vary depending on factors such as the reference technology being displaced, the rate of new technology adoption, and other variables. The uncertainty in the total potential typically ranges from 25% to 50%.\",\"The statistical breakdown of net global GHG emissions in 2019 by different sectors is as follows:\\\\n\\\\n- CO2 from fossil fuels and industry (CO2-FFI) had the largest growth in gross emissions.\\\\n- CH4 emissions also increased significantly.\\\\n- The highest relative growth occurred in fluorinated gases (F-gases), starting from low levels in 1990.\\\\n\\\\nUnfortunately, the specific percentage contributions of each sector were not provided in the information. If you would like more detailed information or specific percentages, please let me know.\",\"Integrated mitigation and adaptation options for human health, as outlined in the IPCC report, offer significant benefits. These options can help mainstream health considerations into various sectors like food, infrastructure, social protection, and water policies, leading to improved human health outcomes. By promoting balanced and sustainable healthy diets, reducing food loss and waste, and implementing public health policies to enhance nutrition, these strategies not only support adaptation and mitigation efforts but also generate co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation and reduced healthcare costs. Additionally, these measures can influence food demand, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance adaptive capacity, contributing to overall improvements in human health and well-being.\",\"Global net zero CO2 emissions refer to the state where all remaining CO2 emissions are balanced out by durably stored CO2 removals. This means that the amount of CO2 being released into the atmosphere is effectively offset by the amount being removed and stored, resulting in a net balance of zero CO2 emissions on a global scale.\\\\n\\\\nNet zero GHG emissions refer to a state where the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, when weighted by their global warming potential over a specified period, are equal to the amount of greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere, typically through carbon dioxide removal methods. This balance results in no additional greenhouse gases being added to the atmosphere, effectively stabilizing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases.\",\"The factors that influence the effectiveness of climate governance as outlined in the IPCC report include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Inclusive decision processes\\\\n2. Allocation of appropriate resources\\\\n3. Institutional review\\\\n4. Monitoring and evaluation\\\\n5. Multi-level, hybrid, and cross-sector governance\\\\n6. Consideration of climate justice\\\\n7. Drawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships\\\\n8. Effective climate laws and plans\\\\n9. Presence of effective municipal, national, and sub-national climate institutions\",\"Some of the barriers to the implementation of AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use) mitigation include:\\\\n\\\\n1. Insufficient institutional and financial support\\\\n2. Uncertainty over long-term additionality and trade-offs\\\\n3. Weak governance\\\\n4. Insecure land ownership\\\\n5. Low incomes\\\\n6. Lack of access to alternative sources of income\\\\n7. Risk of reversal\\\\n\\\\nThese barriers can hinder the effective implementation of AFOLU mitigation efforts.\",\"The IPCC report discusses the projected regional impacts on food production, including changes in maize yield and maximum fisheries catch potential at various projected global warming levels. It mentions the use of multiple crop and fisheries models to assess these impacts and highlights areas of disagreement among models regarding the direction of change. The report also acknowledges that food security can be affected by crop and fishery failures not explicitly presented in the report.\",\"Factors such as equity and inclusion in climate action, rapid transitions in sectors and systems, synergies with sustainable development goals, governance and policy improvements, access to finance, international cooperation, technology advancements, and integration of near-term actions across sectors and regions are key determinants of the effectiveness of medium- and long-term pathways in achieving climate resilient development. Additionally, addressing barriers to feasibility, including economic, technological, institutional, social, environmental, and geophysical barriers, is crucial for enhancing the feasibility and effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation options at scale. Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that consider climate risk, cut across systems, and address social inequities are also highlighted as factors that can enhance the effectiveness of responses towards climate resilient development.\",\"The dimensions of risk include the magnitude of adverse consequences, likelihood of adverse consequences, temporal characteristics of the risk, and the ability to respond to the risk through adaptation. These dimensions are assessed based on factors such as the pervasiveness of consequences, degree of change, irreversibility of consequences, potential for impact thresholds or tipping points, and potential for cascading effects beyond system boundaries.\",\"The report addresses the likelihood of peak global warming staying below certain thresholds, providing probabilities associated with global warming levels of &lt;1.5\\\\u00b0C, &lt;2.0\\\\u00b0C, and &lt;3.0\\\\u00b0C. It includes percentages and ranges for the likelihood of staying below these thresholds, highlighting the probabilities associated with each level of global warming.\",\"Could you please provide more context or specify the temperature range you are referring to when you mention a \\\\\"sharp decline\\\\\"?\",\"The factors mentioned in the IPCC report that relate to the exacerbation of vulnerability in some regions and communities include poverty, governance challenges, limited access to basic services and resources, violent conflict, high levels of climate-sensitive livelihoods, inequity, marginalization linked to gender and ethnicity, historical and ongoing patterns of inequity such as colonialism, and governance issues.\",\"The IPCC report emphasizes that combining mitigation and adaptation strategies with sustainable development objectives can yield multiple benefits for human well-being, ecosystem health, and planetary health. These integrated approaches can result in significant greenhouse gas emission reductions, biodiversity conservation, food security improvements, and other ecosystem service enhancements. Additionally, implementing these strategies together can lead to adaptation and mitigation gains in urban systems, promote equity and human well-being, and improve considerations of gender equality and justice. It is recommended to have coordinated cross-sectoral policies and planning to maximize synergies and minimize trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation efforts.\",\"The factors determining the magnitude and rate of climate change and associated risks, as discussed in Section 4.1 of the IPCC report, include changes in hazard levels, the population exposed, and the vulnerability of people, assets, or ecosystems. These factors interact to influence the severity and frequency of compound and cascading climate risks in the near term. Additionally, the projected increase in frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation, along with potential cryosphere-related changes, can lead to severe consequences for people, infrastructure, and the economy in various regions. The report also highlights the compounding effects of climate change risks on food systems, human settlements, infrastructure, and health, making these risks more severe and challenging to manage, especially when interacting with non-climatic risk drivers such as urban expansion, pandemics, and competition for resources.\",\"Projected climate-related risks to food availability and diet quality at about 2\\\\u00b0C warming include estimated increases in nutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people, particularly affecting tens to hundreds of millions of people, especially among low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America. Additionally, snowmelt water availability for irrigation is projected to decline in some snowmelt-dependent river basins by up to 20% with medium confidence.\\\\n\\\\nRegions most affected by these projected risks include sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America, particularly impacting low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in these regions.\",\"The projected increase in extinction risk for endemic species in biodiversity hotspots is expected to rise at least tenfold if global warming increases from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The projected increase in extinction risk for endemic species in biodiversity hotspots due to a rise in global warming from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C is at least tenfold.\"]],[\"reference_answer\",[\"Climate resilient development will not be possible in some regions and sub-regions if global warming exceeds 2\\\\u00b0C.\",\"Coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% at 1.5\\\\u00b0C of global warming.\",\"The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25\\\\u201350%.\",\"The proportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with increasing cumulative net CO2 emissions.\",\"Hatching indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the sign of impact for maize yield, and where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change for fisheries catch potential.\",\"The global reasons for concern (RFCs) in terms of global surface temperature change relative to 1850-1900 are depicted with a temperature scale ranging from 0\\\\u00b0C to 5\\\\u00b0C, showing various impacts such as damage to salt marshes, rocky shores, seagrass meadows, warm-water corals, and kelp forests, as well as risks like wildfire, dryland water scarcity, heat-related morbidity and mortality, and permafrost degradation, with a confidence level assigned to transition range and midpoint of transition. The comparison is shown through a visual scale with dots indicating the level of impact or risk, which increases with higher temperatures.\",\"Land-related adaptation actions that can have mitigation co-benefits include sustainable food production, improved and sustainable forest management, soil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land restoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced food loss and waste.\",\"Ocean warming accounted for 91% of the heating in the climate system.\",\"2050-2055 [2035-2070] and 2055-2060 [2045-2070]\",\"Climate services that are demand-driven and inclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning.\",\"Around 48% of the global population in 2019 lives in countries emitting on average more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita.\",\"Ecosystem-based solutions such as wetlands provide co-benefits for the environment and climate mitigation, and reduce costs for flood defenses. However, they have site-specific physical limits, at least above 1.5\\\\u00baC of global warming, and lose effectiveness at high rates of sea level rise beyond 0.5 to 1 cm yr-1.\",\"40\\\\u201370%\",\"The categories of the assessed modelled global pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot are C1 according to the IPCC report.\",\"CDR can fulfill three complementary roles: 1) lowering net CO2 or net GHG emissions in the near term, 2) counterbalancing &#x27;hard-to-abate&#x27; residual emissions to help reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions, and 3) achieving net negative CO2 or GHG emissions if deployed at levels exceeding annual residual emissions.\",\"Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, sanitation, and energy systems, has been compromised by extreme and slow-onset events, with resulting economic losses, disruptions of services, and impacts to well-being. Observed impacts are concentrated amongst economically and socially marginalized urban residents, such as those living in informal settlements.\",\"Climate change is projected to decline snowmelt water availability for irrigation in some snowmelt dependent river basins by up to 20% (medium confidence).\",\"Accelerated implementation of adaptation will improve well-being by reducing losses and damages, especially for vulnerable populations, and bring benefits to human well-being.\",\"The SSP scenarios cover a broader range of GHG and air pollutant futures than the RCPs. They are similar but not identical, with differences in concentration trajectories for different GHGs.\",\"The 2019 range of harmonised GHG emissions across the pathways is 53\\\\u201358 GtCO2-eq.\",\"Adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, particularly least developed ones, due in part to weaker enabling conditions, including limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\",\"Hatching indicates areas where less than 70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the sign of impact for maize yield, and where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change for fisheries catch potential.\",\"Clean energy supply systems have multiple co-benefits, including improvements in air quality and health.\",\"34 [21 to 57]%\",\"The absence of a circle indicates an inability to perform an assessment due to a lack of data, but does not indicate absence of increasing frequencies.\",\"Cryosphere-related changes in floods, landslides, and water availability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for people, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions (high confidence).\",\"From 2010-2019, there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy (by 85%), wind energy (by 55%), and lithium-ion batteries (by 85%).\",\"The likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity has been narrowed to 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The projected impacts include risk to food and water security due to increased temperature extremes, rainfall variability and drought, risk of malnutrition (micronutrient deficiency), and loss of livelihood due to reduced food production from crops, livestock and fisheries.\",\"Additional warming will lead to more frequent and intense marine heatwaves.\",\"For the year 2021, the atmospheric concentrations are 415 ppm CO2, 1896 ppb CH4, and 335 ppb N2O.\",\"About 80% of coal reserves cannot be burned if warming is limited to 2\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The colors in the figure represent the four outcomes of the assessment on observed changes. Striped hexagons (white and light-grey) indicate low agreement in the type of change for the region as a whole, and grey hexagons indicate limited data and/or literature that prevents an assessment of the region as a whole. Other colors indicate at least medium confidence in the observed change.\",\"If a large explosive volcanic eruption were to occur in the near term, it would temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change by reducing global surface temperature and precipitation, especially over land, for one to three years (medium confidence).\",\"84 [73 to 98]%\",\"Drawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships, including with women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and ethnic minorities can facilitate climate resilient development and has allowed locally appropriate and socially acceptable solutions.\",\"Global warming will continue to increase in the near term (2021\\\\u20132040) mainly due to increased cumulative CO2 emissions.\",\"The likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The lag in adoption of low-emission technologies in most developing countries is due in part to weaker enabling conditions, including limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\",\"With about 2\\\\u00b0C warming, climate-related changes in food availability and diet quality are estimated to increase nutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people, affecting tens to hundreds of millions of people, particularly among low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Central America (high confidence).\",\"The very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6) have CO2 emissions declining to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO2 emissions.\",\"The likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity is 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The risks to food and nutritional security in North America highlighted in the report include changes in agriculture, livestock, hunting, fisheries, and aquaculture productivity and access.\",\"Engaging Indigenous Peoples and local communities using just-transition and rights-based decision-making approaches, implemented through collective and participatory decision-making processes has enabled deeper ambition and accelerated action in different ways, and at all scales, depending on national circumstances (medium confidence).\",\"The regions included in Australasia are NAU (Northern Australia), CAU (Central Australia), EAU (Eastern Australia), SAU (Southern Australia), NZ (New Zealand), and Small Islands: CAR (Caribbean), PAC (Pacific Small Islands).\",\"The likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity has been narrowed to 2.5\\\\u00b0C to 4.0\\\\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C.\",\"Agriculture accounts for the majority (~60%) of all documented adaptation responses to water-related risks and impacts.\",\"Without urgent, effective and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions, climate change increasingly threatens the health and livelihoods of people around the globe, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, with severe adverse consequences for current and future generations.\",\"Projected regional impacts reflect fisheries and marine ecosystem responses to ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions such as temperature, oxygen level and net primary production. Models do not represent changes in fishing activities and some extreme climatic conditions.\",\"high confidence\",\"Accelerated implementation of adaptation responses will improve well-being by reducing losses and damages, especially for vulnerable populations, enhance sustainable development co-benefits, and bring benefits to human well-being.\",\"The primary constraints in transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation are vested interests, economic lock-ins, institutional path dependencies, and prevalent practices, cultures, norms, and belief systems.\",\"Delayed mitigation action will decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including Ecosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well as increasing mitigation feasibility risks, such as for options based on ecosystems.\",\"Demand-side measures can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors by 40 to 70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios.\",\"Additional warming will lead to more frequent and intense marine heatwaves (high confidence).\",\"The timing of when different countries reach net zero emissions is influenced by the potential to reduce GHG emissions and undertake carbon dioxide removal, the associated costs, availability of policy mechanisms to balance emissions and removals between sectors and countries, equity and capacity considerations, and the incorporation of equity principles.\",\"In pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C, global GHG emissions are projected to fall by 84 [73 to 98]% by 2050. For pathways that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C, the reduction is projected to be 64 [53 to 77]% by 2050.\",\"Climate change has reduced food security due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, loss of cryospheric elements, and greater frequency and intensity of climatic extremes, thereby hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals.\",\"From 2010-2019, the unit costs of solar energy decreased by 85%, wind energy by 55%, and lithium-ion batteries by 85%.\",\"The Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) summarizes the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation, based on peer-reviewed scientific, technical, and socio-economic literature since the publication of the IPCC\\\\u2019s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.\",\"Vulnerability is exacerbated by inequity and marginalisation linked to gender, ethnicity, low income or combinations thereof, especially for many Indigenous Peoples and local communities.\",\"Equity, inclusion, and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for accelerated mitigation, leading to more sustainable outcomes, reducing trade-offs, supporting transformative change, and advancing climate resilient development.\",\"Global warming is more likely than not to reach 1.5\\\\u00b0C between 2021 and 2040 even under the very low GHG emission scenarios (SSP1-1.9).\",\"The development was limited due to the paucity of adequately downscaled climate projections, uncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and the resulting few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\",\"Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming which will decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including Ecosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well as increasing mitigation feasibility risks, such as for options based on ecosystems.\",\"The projected global warming outcomes of the modelled pathways based on policies implemented until the end of 2020 are in line with the trend from implemented policies, which are extended with comparable ambition levels beyond 2030.\",\"Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.\",\"38% [33-58%]\",\"Coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% at 1.5\\\\u00b0C of global warming.\",\"Beyond 4\\\\u00b0C of warming, projected impacts include local extinction of ~50% of tropical marine species and biome shifts across 35% of global land area.\",\"The very low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-1.9 projects CO2 emissions to decline to net zero around 2050, and the low GHG emissions scenario SSP1-2.6 projects CO2 emissions to decline to net zero around 2070.\",\"The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850\\\\u20131900 to 2010\\\\u20132019 is 0.8\\\\u00b0C to 1.3\\\\u00b0C.\",\"Severe water scarcity experienced by roughly half of the world&#x27;s population is due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic drivers.\",\"Effective adaptation options for water, food, and vector-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme weather events, improved early warning systems, surveillance, and vaccine development.\",\"The assessed confidence level for the human contribution to the cooling of the lower stratosphere since the mid-20th century is &#x27;very likely&#x27;.\",\"At a global warming level of 1.5\\\\u00b0C, 3 to 14% of the tens of thousands of species assessed will likely face a very high risk of extinction.\",\"Without urgent, effective, and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions, climate change increasingly threatens the health and livelihoods of people around the globe, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, with severe adverse consequences for current and future generations.\",\"Coastal cities and settlements play an important role in advancing climate resilient development due to the high number of people living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone, the escalating and climate compounded risk that they face, and their vital role in national economies and beyond (high confidence).\",\"The development was limited due to the scarcity of adequately downscaled climate projections, uncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and the few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\",\"Combining green/natural and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention, and coastal protection.\",\"In the IPCC report&#x27;s assessment, the square brackets represent the 5th-95th percentile interval for the projected scenarios, while three dots (...) denote that net zero is not reached for that percentile.\",\"Based on the 2018 data, the GHG emissions intensity for Africa is 0.78 tCO2-eq per USD1000PPP and for North America is 0.31 tCO2-eq per USD1000PPP. Around 48% of the global population lives in countries emitting more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita, and another 41% live in countries emitting less than 3 tCO2-eq per capita.\",\"Climate change poses concurrent and cascading risks to food systems, human settlements, infrastructure, and health, which will be exacerbated by factors such as sudden food production losses from heat and drought, reduced labour productivity due to heat, increased food prices, decreased household incomes, and heightened health risks of malnutrition and climate-related mortality, particularly in tropical regions. These risks are intensified when combined with non-climatic drivers like land competition and pandemics.\",\"The non-bracketed values in the &#x27;Temperature Change&#x27; and &#x27;Likelihood&#x27; columns represent the 50th percentile across the pathways in that category and the median [50th percentile] across the warming estimates of the probabilistic MAGICC climate model emulator. CO2 emissions are projected to reach net zero around 2050 for the very low GHG emissions scenario (SSP1-1.9) and around 2070 for the low GHG emissions scenario (SSP1-2.6).\",\"The impacts and risks of CDR deployment are highly variable and can affect ecosystems, biodiversity, and people depending on the method and context, while the roles of CDR in climate change mitigation include lowering net emissions in the near term, counterbalancing residual emissions to reach net zero, and achieving net negative emissions if deployed at sufficient levels.\",\"The three dots (...) in the IPCC report&#x27;s projected global warming levels signify that the value cannot be given, while the projected pathways are categorized according to their likelihood of limiting warming to different peak warming levels (if peak temperature occurs before 2100) and 2100 warming levels.\",\"100% of the net zero CO2 pathways need to be achieved by 2050-2055, and the likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C is 38% [33-58%].\",\"In the regional GHG emissions figures, the area of the rectangles represents the total emissions for each region, and human influence has been the main driver of the global upper ocean warming since the 1970s.\",\"The likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C ranges from 11% to 38%, and modelled pathways that aim to limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C with no or limited overshoot reach net zero CO2 emissions around 2050.\",\"Individuals with high socio-economic status play a significant role in contributing to emissions but also have the highest potential for emissions reductions as citizens, investors, consumers, role models, and professionals, while the revenue from carbon taxes or emissions trading can be used to support equity and distributional goals, such as helping low-income households.\",\"The IPCC report indicates that at current rates of adaptation planning and implementation, the adaptation gap will continue to grow, with efforts falling short of meeting goals, and that losses and damages due to climate change are unequally distributed and not adequately addressed, especially in vulnerable developing countries.\",\"The key strategies for reaching net zero CO2 and GHG emissions include transitioning to very low- or zero-carbon energy sources, demand-side measures, improving efficiency, reducing non-CO2 GHG emissions, and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The potential barriers to implementing AFOLU mitigation options are impacts of climate change, competing land demands, conflicts with food security and livelihoods, complex land ownership and management systems, and cultural aspects. These barriers can put at risk the carbon stored in vegetation and soils, making it susceptible to future loss or sink reversal due to climate change, disturbances, or poor management.\",\"The global surface temperature has increased by around 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in 2011\\\\u20132020, and the main human activities responsible for the observed increases in greenhouse gas concentrations since around 1750 include emissions from unsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change, and certain patterns of consumption and production.\",\"The AR6 integrated assessment framework in the IPCC report is designed to assess future greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, risks, impacts, and mitigation, incorporating socio-economic development and policy, emissions pathways, and temperature responses to scenarios. Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) within this framework explore different challenges to mitigation and adaptation, shaping future vulnerability and exposure, and are linked to potential low or high warming levels based on GHG mitigation efforts.\",\"The limitations of the models include not representing changes in fishing activities, pests, diseases, future agro-technological changes, some extreme climatic conditions, and the assumption that irrigated areas are not water-limited. With high confidence, it is projected that hot climatic impact-drivers will increase and cold ones will decrease in all regions.\",\"Technological innovation can involve trade-offs such as environmental impacts, social inequalities, rebound effects, and overdependence on foreign knowledge and providers, according to the IPCC report. Policy packages can address these challenges by implementing a mix of efficiency targets, performance standards, information provision, carbon pricing, finance, and technical assistance to realize synergies, avoid trade-offs, and reduce rebound effects.\",\"The yellow shading in the top panel (a) of Figure 2.4 indicates the range of unit costs for new fossil fuel (coal and gas) power in 2020, corresponding to USD 55 to 148 per MWh, while the vertical dashed line in 2010 in the bottom panel (b) signifies the change in cumulative global adoption for each technology over the past decade.\",\"The projected near-term GHG emissions pathways, based on policies implemented until the end of 2020, are categorized as &#x27;Trend from implemented policies&#x27;, while the SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 scenarios are significant as they envision CO2 emissions reaching net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, with subsequent net negative CO2 emissions.\",\"At about 2\\\\u00b0C global warming, food availability is expected to decrease and nutrition-related diseases are estimated to increase, affecting tens to hundreds of millions, particularly among low-income households in low- and middle-income countries. The IPCC AR6 indicates that the risks associated with the unequal distribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4), and large-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high, with extreme weather events (RFC2) risks transitioning to very high, and unique and threatened systems (RFC1) risks being very high.\",\"Integrating transport and energy infrastructure planning and operations can effectively reduce environmental, social, and economic impacts, aiding in the decarbonisation of these sectors, while the most effective climate resilient development strategies are those that view climate, ecosystems, biodiversity, and human society as interconnected parts of a whole system, both with high confidence.\",\"Combining green/natural and grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection.\",\"The global surface temperature was around 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in 2011\\\\u20132020.\",\"Innovations in adaptation and resilience finance include forecast-based/anticipatory financing systems and regional risk insurance pools.\",\"The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25\\\\u201350%.\",\"In 2019, approximately 34% of net global GHG emissions came from the energy sector, 24% from industry, 22% from AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use), 15% from transport, and 6% from buildings.\",\"Human health will benefit from integrated mitigation and adaptation options that mainstream health into food, infrastructure, social protection, and water policies. Balanced and sustainable healthy diets and reduced food loss and waste present important opportunities for adaptation and mitigation while generating significant co-benefits in terms of biodiversity and human health.\",\"Achieving global net zero CO2 emissions requires all remaining anthropogenic CO2 emissions to be balanced by durably stored CO2 from anthropogenic removal, which is a requirement to stabilize CO2-induced global surface temperature increase. Net zero GHG emissions, on the other hand, require metric-weighted anthropogenic GHG emissions to equal CO2 removal. Net zero CO2 emissions are reached before net zero GHGs.\",\"Effective climate governance is influenced by factors such as providing overall direction based on national circumstances, setting targets and priorities, mainstreaming climate action across policy domains and levels, enhancing monitoring and evaluation, regulatory certainty, prioritizing inclusive, transparent and equitable decision-making, improving access to finance and technology, and drawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships.\",\"Barriers to implementation of AFOLU mitigation include insufficient institutional and financial support, uncertainty over long-term additionality and trade-offs, weak governance, insecure land ownership, low incomes and the lack of access to alternative sources of income, and the risk of reversal.\",\"Projected regional impacts on food production reflect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 enhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. For maize yield, changes at projected global warming levels (GWLs) of 1.6\\\\u00b0C to 2.4\\\\u00b0C (2.0\\\\u00b0C), 3.3\\\\u00b0C to 4.8\\\\u00b0C (4.1\\\\u00b0C) and 3.9\\\\u00b0C to 6.0\\\\u00b0C (4.9\\\\u00b0C) are indicated.\",\"Societal choices and actions implemented in this decade determine the extent to which medium- and long-term pathways will deliver higher or lower climate resilient development.\",\"Hot extremes, Heavy precipitation, Agricultural and ecological drought including heatwaves\",\"The likelihood of peak global warming staying below 1.5\\\\u00b0C ranges from 11% to 38%, with specific probabilities at 38% [33-58], 38% [34-60], 37% [33-56], 24% [15-42], 20% [13-41], 21% [14-42], 17% [12-35], and 11% [7-22].\",\"At 3\\\\u00b0C.\",\"Vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by factors such as poverty, governance challenges, limited access to basic services and resources, violent conflict, high levels of climate-sensitive livelihoods, inequity, and marginalisation linked to gender, ethnicity, low income, especially for many Indigenous Peoples and local communities.\",\"Combining mitigation and adaptation with sustainable development objectives would yield multiple benefits for human well-being as well as ecosystem and planetary health.\",\"The magnitude and rate of climate change and associated risks depend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation actions.\",\"At about 2\\\\u00b0C warming, climate-related changes in food availability and diet quality are estimated to increase nutrition-related diseases and the number of undernourished people, affecting tens to hundreds of millions of people, particularly among low-income households in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central America (high confidence).\",\"The projected increase in extinction risk for endemic species in biodiversity hotspots is at least tenfold if warming rises from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C.\",\"The projected increase in extinction risk for endemic species in biodiversity hotspots is at least tenfold if global warming rises from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C.\"]],[\"id\",[196,123,251,166,135,137,70,29,169,270,20,261,252,85,193,51,231,213,108,21,296,136,272,207,237,232,60,111,142,152,14,167,47,226,208,281,227,112,295,125,100,113,143,58,40,145,69,204,133,254,213,95,254,245,118,88,208,43,61,3,240,238,203,144,215,85,238,169,140,154,173,12,43,75,35,134,204,199,144,260,172,25,233,175,193,172,169,28,170,242,93,184,10,106,133,299,66,85,125,302,260,11,72,250,18,261,86,279,90,133,202,39,170,154,239,303,202,125,124,128]],[\"content\",[\"Accelerated and equitable mitigation and adaptation bring bene\\\\ufb01ts from avoiding damages from climate \\\\nchange and are critical to achieving sustainable development (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Climate resilient development138 \\\\npathways are progressively constrained by every increment of further warming (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). There is a \\\\nrapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all (very high con\\\\ufb01dence).\\\\n138 See Annex I: Glossary.\\\\n139 The impacts, risks, and co-be...\",\"71\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n3.1.2 Impacts and Related Risks\\\\nFor a given level of warming, many climate-related risks are \\\\nassessed to be higher than in AR5 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Levels of \\\\nrisk120 for all Reasons for Concern121 (RFCs) are assessed to become high \\\\nto very high at lower global warming levels compared to what was \\\\nassessed in AR5 (high con\\\\ufb01dence). This is based upon recent evidence \\\\nof observed impacts, improved process understanding, and new \\\\nknowledge on ex...\",\"Where a gradual colour transition is shown, the breakdown of the potential into cost categories is not well known or depends heavily on factors such \\\\nas geographical location, resource availability, and regional circumstances, and the colours indicate the range of estimates. The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25\\\\u201350%. \\\\nWhen interpreting this \\\\ufb01gure, the following should be taken into account: (1) The mitigation potential is uncertain, as it will depend on the reference technology ...\",\"While \\\\nnatural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up, in absolute \\\\nterms, a progressively larger amount of CO2 under higher compared to \\\\nlower CO2 emissions scenarios, they become less effective, that is, the \\\\nproportion of emissions taken up by land and ocean decreases with \\\\nincreasing cumulative net CO2 emissions (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Additional \\\\necosystem responses to warming not yet fully included in climate models, \\\\nsuch as GHG \\\\ufb02uxes from wetlands, permafrost thaw, and wild\\\\ufb01res, ...\",\"Interquartile ranges of WGLs by 2081\\\\u20132100 \\\\nunder RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The presented index is consistent with common features found in many indices included within WGI and WGII assessments. (c) Impacts \\\\non food production: (c1) Changes in maize yield at projected GWLs of 1.6\\\\u00b0C to 2.4\\\\u00b0C (2.0\\\\u00b0C), 3.3\\\\u00b0C to 4.8\\\\u00b0C (4.1\\\\u00b0C) and 3.9\\\\u00b0C to 6.0\\\\u00b0C (4.9\\\\u00b0C). Median yield changes \\\\nfrom an ensemble of 12 crop models, each driven by bias-adjusted outputs from 5 Earth system models from the Agricultural Mode...\",\"75\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSalt\\\\nmarshes\\\\nRocky\\\\nshores\\\\nSeagrass\\\\nmeadows\\\\nEpipelagic\\\\nWarm-water\\\\ncorals\\\\nKelp\\\\nforests\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nAR5 AR6\\\\nGlobal surface temperature change\\\\nrelative to 1850\\\\u20131900\\\\nGlobal Reasons for Concern (RFCs) \\\\nin AR5 (2014) vs. AR6 (2022)\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n\\\\u20131\\\\n2000 2015\\\\n2050\\\\n2100\\\\n1\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\nvery low\\\\nlow\\\\nintermediate\\\\nhigh\\\\nvery high\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\ndamage\\\\nWild\\\\ufb01re\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\n\\\\u2022\\\\u2022\\\\nDryland...\",\"Some land-related adaptation actions such as sustainable \\\\nfood production, improved and sustainable forest management, \\\\nsoil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land \\\\nrestoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced \\\\nfood loss and waste are being undertaken, and can have mitigation \\\\nco-bene\\\\ufb01ts (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation actions that increase the \\\\nresilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change \\\\ninclude responses like minimising additional st...\",\"Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. {WGIII Figure SPM.2}\\\\n2.1.2. Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to \\\\nDate\\\\nIt is unequivocal that human in\\\\ufb02uence has warmed the \\\\natmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in \\\\nthe atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred \\\\n(Table 2.1). The scale of recent changes across the climate system as \\\\na whole and the present state of many aspects of the climate system \\\\nare unprecedented over many cent...\",\"84\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2030 \\\\n43 \\\\n[34-60]\\\\n41 \\\\n[31-59]\\\\n48 \\\\n[35-61]\\\\n23 \\\\n[0-44]\\\\n21 \\\\n[1-42]\\\\n27 \\\\n[13-45]\\\\n5 \\\\n[0-14]\\\\n10  \\\\n[0-27]\\\\n2040\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2050 \\\\n84 \\\\n[73-98]\\\\n85 \\\\n[72-100]\\\\n84 \\\\n[76-93]\\\\n75 \\\\n[62-91]\\\\n64 \\\\n[53-77]\\\\n63 \\\\n[52-76]\\\\n68 \\\\n[56-83]\\\\n49  \\\\n[35-65]\\\\n29\\\\n[11-48]\\\\n5\\\\n[-2 to 18]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2050-2055 (100%) \\\\n[2035-2070]\\\\n2055-2060 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2045-2070]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(93%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]...\",\"Climate services that are demand-driven and \\\\ninclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural \\\\npractices, inform better water use and ef\\\\ufb01ciency, and enable resilient \\\\ninfrastructure planning (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Policy mixes that include \\\\nweather and health insurance, social protection and adaptive safety \\\\nnets, contingent \\\\ufb01nance and reserve funds, and universal access to \\\\nearly warning systems combined with effective contingency plans, can \\\\nreduce vulnerability and exposure of h...\",\"Around 48% of the global population in 2019 lives in countries \\\\nemitting on average more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita, 35% of the global \\\\npopulation live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO2-eq per capita70 \\\\n(excluding CO2-LULUCF) while another 41% live in countries emitting less \\\\nthan 3 tCO2-eq per capita. A substantial share of the population in these \\\\nlow-emitting countries lack access to modern energy services. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\n{WGIII SPM B.3, WGIII SPM B3.1, WGIII SPM B.3.2, WGIII SPM B.3.3}...\",\"106\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand marginalised communities including people living in informal \\\\nsettlements (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.6, WGII \\\\nSPM C.2.7, WGII SPM D.3.2, WGII TS.E.1.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FEAS; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.6.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3, WGIII SPM D.2.1}\\\\nResponses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying \\\\ncoastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, \\\\naccommodation, advance and planned relocation. These ...\",\"The green arrow represents the demand-side emissions reductions potentials. The range in potential is shown by a line connecting dots displaying \\\\nthe highest and the lowest potentials reported in the literature. Food shows demand-side potential of socio-cultural factors and infrastructure use, and changes in land-use patterns \\\\nenabled by change in food demand. Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors (buildings, land transp...\",\"Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed modelled global pathways:\\\\n \\\\n- Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable \\\\nambition  levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios across categories C5\\\\u2013C7, WGIII Table SPM.2).\\\\n \\\\n- Limit to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or return warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030: Pathways with GHG emissions until 2030 ...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII SPM C.2.4; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.11.2; SR1.5 SPM C.3.4, SR1.5 SPM C.3.5; SRCCL SPM B.3, \\\\nSRCCL SPM B.7.3, SRCCL Figure SPM.3}\\\\n139 The impacts, risks, and co-bene\\\\ufb01ts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speci\\\\ufb01c context, \\\\nimplementation and scale (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM C.11.2}\\\\n140 The evidence is too limited to make a similar robust conclusion for limiting warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C. {WGIII SPM foo...\",\"Individual livelihoods have been \\\\naffected through changes in agricultural productivity, impacts on human \\\\nhealth and food security, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss \\\\nof property and income, with adverse effects on gender and social equity \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Tropical cyclones have reduced economic growth in \\\\nthe short-term (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Event attribution studies and physical \\\\nunderstanding indicate that human-caused climate change increases \\\\nheavy precipitation associated wi...\",\"{WGI SPM B.2.4, WGI SPM C.2.2, WGI SPM C.2.6, WGI 11.7} \\\\n\\\\u2022 High risks from dryland water scarcity, wild\\\\ufb01re damage, and \\\\npermafrost degradation (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {SRCCL SPM A.5.3.}\\\\n\\\\u2022 Continued sea level rise and increased frequency and \\\\nmagnitude of extreme sea level events encroaching on coastal \\\\nhuman settlements and damaging coastal infrastructure (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), committing low-lying coastal ecosystems to \\\\nsubmergence and loss (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), expanding land \\\\nsalinization (very high co...\",\"Positive (solid \\\\ufb01lled bars) and negative emissions (hatched bars) for different illustrative mitigation pathways are compared to \\\\nGHG emissions from the year 2019. The category \\\\u201cenergy supply (including electricity)\\\\u201d includes bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and direct air carbon capture and storage. \\\\n{WGIII Box TS.5, WGIII 3.3, WGIII 3.4, WGIII 6.6, WGIII 10.3, WGIII 11.3} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nAccelerated implementation of adaptation will improve well-being by reducing losses and dama...\",\"where \\\\u2018SSPx\\\\u2019 refers to the Shared Socio-economic Pathway or \\\\u2018SSP\\\\u2019 describing the socio-economic trends \\\\nunderlying the scenario, and \\\\u2018y\\\\u2019 refers to the approximate level of radiative forcing (in watts per square metre, or Wm\\\\u20132) resulting from the \\\\nscenario in the year 2100.\\\\n** The AR5 scenarios (RCPy), which partly inform the AR6 WGI and WGII assessments, are indexed to a similar set of approximate 2100 radiative \\\\nforcing levels (in W m-2). The SSP scenarios cover a broader range of GHG and air p...\",\"Average annual GHG emissions growth between \\\\n69 \\\\nGHG emission metrics are used to express emissions of different GHGs in a common unit. Aggregated GHG emissions in this report are stated in CO2-equivalents (CO2-eq) using \\\\nthe Global Warming Potential with a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) with values based on the contribution of Working Group I to the AR6. The AR6 WGI and WGIII reports \\\\ncontain updated emission metric values, evaluations of different metrics with regard to mitigation objectiv...\",\"(high confidence) {WGIII SPM B.4, WGIII SPM B.4.4, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.4.3, WGIII SPM E4.4}\\\\nInternational cooperation on innovation systems and technology \\\\ndevelopment and transfer, accompanied by capacity building, \\\\nknowledge sharing, and technical and \\\\ufb01nancial support can \\\\naccelerate the global diffusion of mitigation technologies, \\\\npractices and policies and align these with other development \\\\nobjectives (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Choice architecture can help end-users \\\\nadopt technology and low-GHG-intensive...\",\"Hatching indicates areas where &lt;70% of the climate-crop model \\\\ncombinations agree on the sign of impact. (c2) Changes in maximum \\\\ufb01sheries catch potential by 2081\\\\u20132099 relative to 1986-2005 at projected GWLs of 0.9\\\\u00b0C to 2.0\\\\u00b0C (1.5\\\\u00b0C) \\\\nand 3.4\\\\u00b0C to 5.2\\\\u00b0C (4.3\\\\u00b0C). GWLs by 2081\\\\u20132100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. Hatching indicates where the two climate-\\\\ufb01sheries models disagree in the direction of change. Large \\\\nrelative changes in low yielding regions may correspond to small absolute changes. Biodiversit...\",\"108\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nMany mitigation and adaptation actions have multiple synergies \\\\nwith Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but some actions \\\\ncan also have trade-offs. Potential synergies with SDGs exceed \\\\npotential trade-offs. Synergies and trade-offs are context specific \\\\nand depend on: means and scale of implementation, intra- and \\\\ninter-sectoral interactions, cooperation between countries and regions, \\\\nthe sequencing, timing and stringency of actions, governance, and \\\\npolicy...\",\"In pathways \\\\nthat limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited overshoot, net \\\\nglobal GHG emissions are projected to fall by 43 [34 to 60]%143 below \\\\n2019 levels by 2030, 60 [49 to 77]% by 2035, 69 [58 to 90]% by 2040 \\\\nand 84 [73 to 98]% by 2050 (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Section 2.3.1, Table 2.2, \\\\nFigure 2.5, Table 3.1)144. Global modelled pathways that limit warming \\\\nto 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) have reductions in GHG emissions below 2019 levels \\\\nof 21 [1 to 42]% by 2030, 35 [22 to 55] % by 2035, 46 [34 to 63] \\\\n%...\",\"A peak-over-threshold (99.7%) method \\\\nwas applied to the historical tide gauge observations available in the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis version 2 database, which is the same information as WGI Figure 9.32, \\\\nexcept here the panel uses relative sea level projections under SSP2-4.5 for the year 2040 instead of 2050 The absence of a circle indicates an inability to perform an assessment \\\\ndue to a lack of data, but does not indicate absence of increasing frequencies. Panel (c) Climate hazards ...\",\"99\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n\\\\u2022 Cryosphere-related changes in \\\\ufb02oods, landslides, and water \\\\navailability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for \\\\npeople, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII TS C.4.2}\\\\n\\\\u2022 The projected increase in frequency and intensity of heavy \\\\nprecipitation (high con\\\\ufb01dence) will increase rain-generated local \\\\n\\\\ufb02ooding (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGI Figure SPM.6, WGI SPM B.2.2; \\\\nWGII TS C.4.5}\\\\nMultiple ...\",\"53\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nthan single policies (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining mitigation with \\\\npolicies to shift development pathways, policies that induce lifestyle or \\\\nbehaviour changes, for example, measures promoting walkable urban \\\\nareas combined with electri\\\\ufb01cation and renewable energy can create \\\\nhealth co-bene\\\\ufb01ts from cleaner air and enhanced active mobility (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Climate governance enables mitigation by providing an \\\\noverall direction, setting targets, mainstreami...\",\"68\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 3: Long-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\n3.1 Long-Term Climate Change, Impacts and Related Risks\\\\nFuture warming will be driven by future emissions and will affect all major climate system components, with \\\\nevery region experiencing multiple and co-occurring changes. Many climate-related risks are assessed to be \\\\nhigher than in previous assessments, and projected long-term impacts are up to multiple times higher than \\\\ncurrently observed. Multiple clima...\",\"especially in coastal cities and settlements\\\\n-Biodiversity loss and habitat shifts as well as associated disruptions in dependent \\\\nhuman systems across freshwater, land, and ocean ecosystems\\\\n-More frequent, extensive coral bleaching and subsequent coral mortality induced by \\\\nocean warming and acidi\\\\ufb01cation, sea level rise, marine heat waves and resource \\\\nextraction\\\\n-Decline in coastal \\\\ufb01shery resources due to sea level rise, decrease in precipitation in \\\\nsome parts and increase in temperature\\\\n-Ris...\",\"78\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nimpacts on populations in low elevation coastal zones. If global \\\\nwarming increases, some compound extreme events124 will \\\\nbecome more frequent, with higher likelihood of unprecedented \\\\nintensities, durations or spatial extent (high confidence). The \\\\nAtlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is very likely to weaken \\\\nover the 21st century for all considered scenarios (high con\\\\ufb01dence), \\\\nhowever an abrupt collapse is not expected before 2100 (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). ...\",\"68 \\\\nFor 2021 (the most recent year for which \\\\ufb01nal numbers are available) concentrations using the same observational products and methods as in AR6 WGI are: 415 ppm CO2; \\\\n1896 ppb CH4; and 335 ppb N2O. Note that the CO2 is reported here using the WMO-CO2-X2007 scale to be consistent with WGI. Operational CO2 reporting has since been \\\\nupdated to use the WMO-CO2-X2019 scale.\\\\nthe past six decades, with regional differences (high con\\\\ufb01dence). In 2019, \\\\natmospheric CO2 concentrations reached 410 parts...\",\"83\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\n0\\\\n1000\\\\n500\\\\n1500\\\\n2000\\\\n2020\\\\na) Carbon budgets and emissions\\\\nLifetime emissions from fossil fuel \\\\ninfrastructure without additional abatement, \\\\nif historical operating patterns are maintained\\\\n2020\\\\u20132030 CO2 emissions \\\\nassuming constant at 2019 level\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50% chance)\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C (83% chance)\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67% chance)\\\\nExisting\\\\nExisting and\\\\n planned\\\\nHistorical emissions 1850-2019\\\\n2\\\\u00b0C\\\\n(83%)\\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C\\\\n(&gt;50%)\\\\nCarbon budgets\\\\n1000\\\\n0\\\\n2000\\\\nRemaining \\\\ncarbon budgets\\\\ndifere...\",\"Panel (a) The IPCC AR6 WGI inhabited regions are displayed as hexagons with identical size \\\\nin their approximate geographical location (see legend for regional acronyms). All assessments are made for each region as a whole and for the 1950s to the present. Assessments made \\\\non different time scales or more local spatial scales might differ from what is shown in the \\\\ufb01gure. The colours in each panel represent the four outcomes of the assessment on observed \\\\nchanges. Striped hexagons (white and lig...\",\"98\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nGlobal warming will continue to increase in the near term (2021\\\\u20132040) \\\\nmainly due to increased cumulative CO2 emissions in nearly all \\\\nconsidered scenarios and pathways. In the near term, every \\\\nregion in the world is projected to face further increases in \\\\nclimate hazards (medium to high con\\\\ufb01dence, depending on \\\\nregion and hazard), increasing multiple risks to ecosystems \\\\nand humans (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). In the near term, natural \\\\nvariability149 will modulate h...\",\"{WGIII SPM B.6.3, WGIII 3.5.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM B.6, WGIII SPM B.6., WGIII SPM C.1, WGIII SPM C1.1, \\\\nWGIII Table SPM.2} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nDeep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation reduces the risks of climate \\\\nchange for humans and ecosystems. In modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited \\\\novershoot and in those that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) and assume immediate action, global GHG emissions \\\\nare projected to peak in the early...\",\"Multi-level, \\\\nhybrid and cross-sector governance facilitates appropriate consideration \\\\nfor co-bene\\\\ufb01ts and trade-offs, particularly in land sectors where decision \\\\nprocesses range from farm level to national scale (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nConsideration of climate justice can help to facilitate shifting development \\\\npathways towards sustainability. {WGII SPM C.5.5, WGII SPM C.5.6, \\\\nWGII SPM D.1.1, WGII SPM D.2, WGII SPM D.3.2; SRCCL SPM C.3, \\\\nSRCCL TS.1}\\\\nDrawing on diverse knowledge and partnerships, i...\",\"If a large \\\\nexplosive volcanic eruption were to occur in the near term150 , it \\\\nwould temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change \\\\nby reducing global surface temperature and precipitation, especially \\\\nover land, for one to three years (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGI SPM B.1.3, \\\\nWGI SPM B.1.4, WGI SPM C.1, WGI SPM C.2, WGI Cross-Section Box TS.1, \\\\nWGI Cross-Chapter Box 4.1; WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.3.1; \\\\nWGIII Box SPM.1 Figure 1}\\\\nThe level of risk for humans and ecosystems will depend on ...\",\"Long-term Climate Change\\\\nThe uncertainty range on assessed future changes in global \\\\nsurface temperature is narrower than in the AR5. For the \\\\ufb01rst \\\\ntime in an IPCC assessment cycle, multi-model projections of global \\\\nsurface temperature, ocean warming and sea level are constrained \\\\nusing observations and the assessed climate sensitivity. The likely \\\\nrange of equilibrium climate sensitivity has been narrowed to 2.5\\\\u00b0C \\\\nto 4.0\\\\u00b0C (with a best estimate of 3.0\\\\u00b0C) based on multiple lines of \\\\nevidence11...\",\"113\\\\nNear-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\nSection 4\\\\n4.8.3. Technology Innovation, Adoption, Diffusion and \\\\nTransfer \\\\nEnhancing \\\\ntechnology \\\\ninnovation \\\\nsystems \\\\ncan \\\\nprovide \\\\nopportunities to lower emissions growth and create social and \\\\nenvironmental co-bene\\\\ufb01ts. Policy packages tailored to national \\\\ncontexts and technological characteristics have been effective \\\\nin supporting low-emission innovation and technology diffusion. \\\\nSupport for successful low-carbon technological innovation \\\\ninclu...\",\"{WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII TS.C.4.2; SR1.5 SPM A.3, \\\\nSR1.5 SPM B.4.2, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.5.1} (Figure 3.3)\\\\nAt 2\\\\u00b0C of global warming, overall risk levels associated with the unequal \\\\ndistribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4) and \\\\nlarge-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), those associated with extreme weather events (RFC2) would \\\\nbe transitioning to very high (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and those associated \\\\nwith unique an...\",\"63\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCross-Section Box.2: Scenarios, Global Warming Levels, and Risks\\\\nModelled scenarios and pathways102 are used to explore future emissions, climate change, related impacts and risks, and possible mitigation and \\\\nadaptation strategies and are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options. These are quantitative \\\\nprojections and are neither predictions nor forecasts. Global modelled emission pathways, including those...\",\"{WGI SPM B.1.1, WGI Table SPM.1, WGI Figure \\\\nSPM.4} (Cross-Section Box.2 Figure 1)\\\\nModelled pathways consistent with the continuation of policies \\\\nimplemented by the end of 2020 lead to global warming of \\\\n3.2 [2.2 to 3.5]\\\\u00b0C (5\\\\u201395% range) by 2100 (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) \\\\n(see also Section 2.3.1). Pathways of &gt;4\\\\u00b0C (\\\\u226550%) by 2100 would \\\\nimply a reversal of current technology and/or mitigation policy trends \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). However, such warming could occur in emissions \\\\npathways consistent with poli...\",\"and degraded water quality \\\\n-Risk to food and nutritional security through changes in agriculture, livestock, hunting, \\\\n\\\\ufb01sheries, and aquaculture productivity and access\\\\n-Risks to well-being, livelihoods and economic activities from cascading and \\\\ncompounding climate hazards, including risks to coastal cities, settlements and \\\\ninfrastructure from sea level rise\\\\nDelayed\\\\nimpacts of\\\\nsea level\\\\nrise in the\\\\nMediterranean\\\\nFood\\\\nproduction\\\\nfrom crops,\\\\n\\\\ufb01sheries and\\\\nlivestock\\\\nin Africa\\\\nMortality and\\\\nmorbid...\",\"Engaging \\\\nIndigenous Peoples and local communities using just-transition and \\\\nrights-based decision-making approaches, implemented through \\\\ncollective and participatory decision-making processes has enabled \\\\ndeeper ambition and accelerated action in different ways, and at all \\\\nscales, depending on national circumstances (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nThe media helps shape the public discourse about climate change. This \\\\ncan usefully build public support to accelerate climate action (medium \\\\nevidence, high...\",\"SEAF\\\\nCAU\\\\nEAU\\\\nSWS\\\\nSES\\\\nESAF\\\\nSAU\\\\nNZ\\\\nSSA\\\\nMDG\\\\nPAC\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAsia\\\\nAustralasia\\\\nNorth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nCentral\\\\nAmerica\\\\nSouth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nEurope\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nECA\\\\nTIB\\\\nEAS\\\\nSCA\\\\nCAR\\\\nSAH\\\\nARP\\\\nSAS\\\\nSEA\\\\nNWS\\\\nNSA\\\\nWAF\\\\nCAF\\\\nNEAF\\\\nNAU\\\\nSAM\\\\nNES\\\\nWSAF SEAF\\\\nCAU\\\\nEAU\\\\nSWS\\\\nSES\\\\nESAF\\\\nSAU\\\\nNZ\\\\nSSA\\\\nMDG\\\\nPAC\\\\nAfrica\\\\nAsia\\\\nAustralasia\\\\nNorth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nCentral\\\\nAmerica\\\\nSouth\\\\nAmerica\\\\nEurope\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nEC...\",\"77\\\\nLong-Term Climate and Development Futures\\\\nSection 3\\\\nFigure 3.3: Synthetic risk diagrams of global and sectoral assessments and examples of regional key risks. The burning embers result from a literature based \\\\nexpert elicitation. Panel (a): Left - Global surface temperature changes in \\\\u00b0C relative to 1850\\\\u20131900. These changes were obtained by combining CMIP6 model simulations with \\\\nobservational constraints based on past simulated warming, as well as an updated assessment of equilibrium climate...\",\"Various tools, measures and processes are available \\\\nthat can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Growing public and political awareness of climate \\\\nimpacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities \\\\nincluding adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Decision support tools and climate services are \\\\nincreasingly being used (very high con\\\\ufb01dence) and pilot projects and \\\\nlocal experiments are being i...\",\"Without urgent, effective \\\\nand equitable adaptation and mitigation actions, climate change \\\\nincreasingly threatens the health and livelihoods of people around \\\\nthe globe, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, with severe adverse \\\\nconsequences for current and future generations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI SPM B.5.1, WGI SPM B.5.2; WGII SPM A, WGII \\\\nSPM B.4, WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.3.3, WGII Figure SPM.4, WGII SPM \\\\nD.1, WGII SPM D.5, WGIII SPM D.1.1 SR1.5 SPM D.2.2}. (Cross-Section \\\\nBox....\",\"Models do not represent changes in \\\\ufb01shing activities and some extreme climatic \\\\nconditions. Projected changes in the Arctic regions have low con\\\\ufb01dence due to uncertainties associated with modelling multiple interacting \\\\ndrivers and ecosystem responses.\\\\n4Projected regional impacts re\\\\ufb02ect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 \\\\nenhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. Models assume that irrigated areas ...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 54}\\\\n154 The mitigation potentials and mitigation costs of individual technologies in a speci\\\\ufb01c context or region may differ greatly from the provided estimates (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGIII SPM C.12.1}\\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). The most feasible energy system adaptation options \\\\nsupport infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and ef\\\\ufb01cient \\\\nwater use for existing and new energy generation systems (very \\\\nhigh con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric \\\\npower generatio...\",\"Positive (solid \\\\ufb01lled bars) and negative emissions (hatched bars) for different illustrative mitigation pathways are compared to \\\\nGHG emissions from the year 2019. The category \\\\u201cenergy supply (including electricity)\\\\u201d includes bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and direct air carbon capture and storage. \\\\n{WGIII Box TS.5, WGIII 3.3, WGIII 3.4, WGIII 6.6, WGIII 10.3, WGIII 11.3} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nAccelerated implementation of adaptation will improve well-being by reducing losses and dama...\",\"62\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\n\\\\ufb01re-adapted ecosystems, or hard defences against \\\\ufb02ooding) and human \\\\nsettlements (e.g. stranded assets and vulnerable communities that \\\\ncannot afford to shift away or adapt and require an increase in social \\\\nsafety nets). Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable \\\\ngroups adversely (e.g., Indigenous Peoples, ethnic minorities, low-income \\\\nhouseholds, people living in informal settlements), reinforcing and \\\\nentrenching existing inequities. Malada...\",\"{WGIII SPM footnote 54}\\\\n154 The mitigation potentials and mitigation costs of individual technologies in a speci\\\\ufb01c context or region may differ greatly from the provided estimates (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGIII SPM C.12.1}\\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). The most feasible energy system adaptation options \\\\nsupport infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and ef\\\\ufb01cient \\\\nwater use for existing and new energy generation systems (very \\\\nhigh con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric \\\\npower generatio...\",\"The system transitions make possible the transformative adaptation \\\\nrequired for high levels of human health and well-being, economic and \\\\nsocial resilience, ecosystem health, and planetary health. {WGII SPM \\\\nA, WGII Figure SPM.1; WGIII SPM C.3; SR1.5 SPM C.2, SR1.5 SPM \\\\nC.2.1, SR1.5 SPM C.2, SR1.5 SPM C.5}\\\\nFeasible, effective and low-cost options for mitigation and \\\\nadaptation are already available (high con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 4.4). \\\\nMitigation options costing USD 100 tCO2-eq\\\\u20131 or less could reduce...\",\"{WGI SPM D.1.7, WGI Box TS.7} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nContinued GHG emissions will further affect all major climate \\\\nsystem components, and many changes will be irreversible on \\\\ncentennial to millennial time scales. Many changes in the climate \\\\nsystem become larger in direct relation to increasing global warming. \\\\nWith every additional increment of global warming, changes in \\\\nextremes continue to become larger. Additional warming will lead to \\\\nmore frequent and intense marine heatwaves and is proj...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII Box TS.6, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 3}\\\\nThe adoption and implementation of net zero emission targets by countries and regions also depend on equity and capacity \\\\nconsiderations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The formulation of net zero pathways by countries will bene\\\\ufb01t from clarity on scope, plans-of-action, and \\\\nfairness. Achieving net zero emission targets relies on policies, institutions, and milestones against which to track progress. Least-cost global \\\\nmodelled pathways have been sh...\",\"{WGIII SPM B.6.3, WGIII 3.5.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM B.6, WGIII SPM B.6., WGIII SPM C.1, WGIII SPM C1.1, \\\\nWGIII Table SPM.2} (Cross-Section Box.2)\\\\nDeep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation reduces the risks of climate \\\\nchange for humans and ecosystems. In modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) with no or limited \\\\novershoot and in those that limit warming to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) and assume immediate action, global GHG emissions \\\\nare projected to peak in the early...\",\"Roughly half of the world\\\\u2019s population currently experiences severe water \\\\nscarcity for at least some part of the year due to a combination of climatic \\\\nand non-climatic drivers (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 2.3). Unsustainable \\\\nagricultural expansion, driven in part by unbalanced diets77, increases \\\\necosystem and human vulnerability and leads to competition for land \\\\nand/or water resources (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Increasing weather and climate \\\\nextreme events have exposed millions of people to acute foo...\",\"Design and process innovations in \\\\ncombination with the use of digital technologies have led to \\\\nnear-commercial availability of many low or zero emissions \\\\noptions in buildings, transport and industry. From 2010-2019, \\\\nthere have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy \\\\n(by 85%), wind energy (by 55%), and lithium-ion batteries (by 85%), \\\\nand large increases in their deployment, e.g., &gt;10\\\\u00d7 for solar and &gt;100\\\\u00d7 for \\\\nelectric vehicles (EVs), albeit varying widely across regions (...\",\"38\\\\nSection 1 \\\\nSection 1\\\\nThis Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) \\\\nsummarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread \\\\nimpacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation, based \\\\non the peer-reviewed scienti\\\\ufb01c, technical and socio-economic literature \\\\nsince the publication of the IPCC\\\\u2019s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in \\\\n2014.\\\\nThe assessment is undertaken within the context of the evolving \\\\ninternational landscape, in particular, developmen...\",\"Several risks can be moderated \\\\nwith adaptation (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The largest adaptation gaps \\\\nexist among lower income population groups (high con\\\\ufb01dence) and \\\\nadaptation progress is unevenly distributed with observed adaptation \\\\ngaps (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Present development challenges causing high \\\\nvulnerability are in\\\\ufb02uenced by historical and ongoing patterns of \\\\ninequity such as colonialism, especially for many Indigenous Peoples \\\\nand local communities (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Vulnerability is exacerba...\",\"Adaptation responses are immediately needed to reduce rising climate risks, especially for the most vulnerable. \\\\nEquity, inclusion and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for \\\\naccelerated mitigation. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\nAdaptation and mitigation actions, across scales, sectors and \\\\nregions, that prioritise equity, climate justice, rights-based \\\\napproaches, social justice and inclusivity, lead to more \\\\nsustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support tran...\",\"92\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 4 : Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate\\\\n4.1 The Timing and Urgency of Climate Action\\\\nThe magnitude and rate of climate change and associated risks \\\\ndepend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation actions \\\\n(very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Global warming is more likely than not to reach \\\\n1.5\\\\u00b0C between 2021 and 2040 even under the very low GHG emission \\\\nscenarios (SSP1-1.9), and likely or very likely to exceed 1.5\\\\u00b0C under \\\\nhigher emissions scenarios141. M...\",\"The development of synthetic diagrams for Small \\\\nIslands, Asia and Central and South America was limited due to the paucity of adequately downscaled climate projections, with \\\\nuncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and \\\\nthe resulting few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\\\\nThe risks listed are of at least medium con\\\\ufb01dence level:\",\"The magnitude and rate of climate change and \\\\nassociated risks depend strongly on near-term mitigation and adaptation \\\\nactions, and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages \\\\nescalate with every increment of global warming (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nDelayed mitigation action will further increase global warming which \\\\nwill decrease the effectiveness of many adaptation options, including \\\\nEcosystem-based Adaptation and many water-related options, as well \\\\nas increasing mitigation feas...\",\"Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed modelled global pathways:\\\\n \\\\n- Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable \\\\nambition  levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios across categories C5\\\\u2013C7, WGIII Table SPM.2).\\\\n \\\\n- Limit to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or return warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030: Pathways with GHG emissions until 2030 ...\",\"Adaptation responses are immediately needed to reduce rising climate risks, especially for the most vulnerable. \\\\nEquity, inclusion and just transitions are key to progress on adaptation and deeper societal ambitions for \\\\naccelerated mitigation. (high con\\\\ufb01dence)\\\\nAdaptation and mitigation actions, across scales, sectors and \\\\nregions, that prioritise equity, climate justice, rights-based \\\\napproaches, social justice and inclusivity, lead to more \\\\nsustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support tran...\",\"84\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2030 \\\\n43 \\\\n[34-60]\\\\n41 \\\\n[31-59]\\\\n48 \\\\n[35-61]\\\\n23 \\\\n[0-44]\\\\n21 \\\\n[1-42]\\\\n27 \\\\n[13-45]\\\\n5 \\\\n[0-14]\\\\n10  \\\\n[0-27]\\\\n2040\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2050 \\\\n84 \\\\n[73-98]\\\\n85 \\\\n[72-100]\\\\n84 \\\\n[76-93]\\\\n75 \\\\n[62-91]\\\\n64 \\\\n[53-77]\\\\n63 \\\\n[52-76]\\\\n68 \\\\n[56-83]\\\\n49  \\\\n[35-65]\\\\n29\\\\n[11-48]\\\\n5\\\\n[-2 to 18]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2050-2055 (100%) \\\\n[2035-2070]\\\\n2055-2060 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2045-2070]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(93%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]...\",\"76\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n1.5\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\nEurope -Risks to people, economies and infrastructures due to coastal and inland \\\\ufb02ooding\\\\n-Stress and mortality to people due to increasing temperatures and heat extremes\\\\n-Marine and terrestrial ecosystems disruptions\\\\n-Water scarcity to multiple interconnected sectors\\\\n-Losses in crop production, due to compound heat and dry conditions, and extreme \\\\nweather\\\\nSmall\\\\nIslands\\\\n-Loss of terrestrial, marin...\",\"Globally, adaptation options related \\\\nto agroforestry and forestry have a sharp decline in effectiveness at 3\\\\u00b0C, \\\\nwith a substantial increase in residual risk (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.10, \\\\nWGII Figure TS.6 Panel (e), 4.7.2} \\\\nWith increasing global warming, more limits to adaptation will be \\\\nreached and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among the \\\\npoorest vulnerable populations, will increase (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAlready below 1.5\\\\u00b0C, a...\",\"The five illustrative scenarios \\\\n(SSPx-yy) considered by AR6 \\\\nWGI and the Illustrative \\\\n(Mitigation) Pathways \\\\nassessed in WGIII are \\\\naligned with the tempera-\\\\nture categories and are \\\\nindicated in a separate \\\\ncolumn. Global emission \\\\npathways contain regionally \\\\ndifferentiated information. \\\\nThis assessment focuses on \\\\ntheir global characteristics.\\\\n-.\\\\n(41%)\\\\n[2080-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(12%) \\\\n[2090-.]\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\nno\\\\npeaking\\\\nby 2100\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\nno\\\\nnet-zero\\\\n1780\\\\n[1260-2360]\\\\n2790\\\\n[2440-3520]\\\\n[1.4-1.6]\\\\n[1.4-1.6]\\\\n[1...\",\"It is likely that well-mixed GHGs67 contributed a warming \\\\nof 1.0\\\\u00b0C to 2.0\\\\u00b0C, and other human drivers (principally aerosols) \\\\ncontributed a cooling of 0.0\\\\u00b0C to 0.8\\\\u00b0C, natural (solar and volcanic) \\\\ndrivers changed global surface temperature by \\\\u00b10.1\\\\u00b0C and internal \\\\nvariability changed it by \\\\u00b10.2\\\\u00b0C. {WGI SPM A.1, WGI SPM A.1.2, \\\\nWGI SPM A.1.3, WGI SPM A.2.2, WGI Figure SPM.2; SRCCL TS.2}\\\\nObserved increases in well-mixed GHG concentrations since around \\\\n1750 are unequivocally caused by GHG emissions...\",\"Roughly half of the world\\\\u2019s population currently experiences severe water \\\\nscarcity for at least some part of the year due to a combination of climatic \\\\nand non-climatic drivers (medium con\\\\ufb01dence) (Figure 2.3). Unsustainable \\\\nagricultural expansion, driven in part by unbalanced diets77, increases \\\\necosystem and human vulnerability and leads to competition for land \\\\nand/or water resources (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Increasing weather and climate \\\\nextreme events have exposed millions of people to acute foo...\",\"Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and \\\\nresponse systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). Effective adaptation options for water, food and \\\\nvector-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, \\\\nreducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme weather \\\\nevents, and improved early warning systems, surveillance, and vaccine \\\\ndevelopment (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation options such as \\\\ndisaster risk management, early warni...\",\"47\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nTable 2.1: Assessment of observed changes in large-scale indicators of mean climate across climate system components, and their attribution to human \\\\nin\\\\ufb02uence. The colour coding indicates the assessed con\\\\ufb01dence in / likelihood76 of the observed change and the human contribution as a driver or main driver (speci\\\\ufb01ed in that case) \\\\nwhere available (see colour key). Otherwise, explanatory text is provided. {WGI Table TS.1}\\\\n76 \\\\nBased on scienti\\\\ufb01c understanding, ...\",\"74\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\nFigure 3.2: Projected risks and impacts of climate change on natural and human systems at different global warming levels (GWLs) relative to 1850-1900 levels. \\\\nProjected risks and impacts shown on the maps are based on outputs from different subsets of Earth system models that were used to project each impact indicator without \\\\nadditional adaptation. WGII provides further assessment of the impacts on human and natural systems using these projections and additiona...\",\"Without urgent, effective \\\\nand equitable adaptation and mitigation actions, climate change \\\\nincreasingly threatens the health and livelihoods of people around \\\\nthe globe, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, with severe adverse \\\\nconsequences for current and future generations (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGI SPM B.1.3, WGI SPM B.5.1, WGI SPM B.5.2; WGII SPM A, WGII \\\\nSPM B.4, WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.3.3, WGII Figure SPM.4, WGII SPM \\\\nD.1, WGII SPM D.5, WGIII SPM D.1.1 SR1.5 SPM D.2.2}. (Cross-Section \\\\nBox....\",\"Coastal cities and \\\\nsettlements play an important role in advancing climate resilient \\\\ndevelopment due to the high number of people living in the Low \\\\nElevation Coastal Zone, the escalating and climate compounded risk \\\\nthat they face, and their vital role in national economies and beyond \\\\n(high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM.D.3, WGII SPM D.3.3; WGIII SPM E.2, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.2.2; SR1.5 SPM D.6}\\\\nObserved adverse impacts and related losses and damages, \\\\nprojected risks, trends in vulnerability, and adaptatio...\",\"The development of synthetic diagrams for Small \\\\nIslands, Asia and Central and South America was limited due to the paucity of adequately downscaled climate projections, with \\\\nuncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic contexts across countries within a region, and \\\\nthe resulting few numbers of impact and risk projections for different warming levels.\\\\nThe risks listed are of at least medium con\\\\ufb01dence level:\",\"Urban greening can \\\\nprovide local cooling (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining green/natural \\\\nand grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential \\\\nto reduce adaptation costs and contribute to \\\\ufb02ood control, sanitation, \\\\nwater resources management, landslide prevention and coastal \\\\nprotection (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Globally, more \\\\ufb01nancing is directed \\\\nat grey/physical infrastructure than green/natural infrastructure \\\\nand social infrastructure (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and there is limited \\\\nevid...\",\"with the 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets. \\\\nPercentage of net zero \\\\npathways is denoted in \\\\nround brackets. \\\\nThree dots (\\\\u2026) denotes net \\\\nzero not reached for that \\\\npercentile.\\\\nMedian cumulative net CO2 \\\\nemissions across the \\\\nprojected scenarios in this \\\\ncategory until reaching \\\\nnet-zero or until 2100, with \\\\nthe 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets.\\\\nProjected temperature \\\\nchange of pathways in this \\\\ncategory (50% probability \\\\nacross the range of climate \\\\nuncertainties)...\",\"6\\\\n1.6\\\\nConsumption-based emissions (tCO2FFI per person, based on 2018 data)\\\\n0.84\\\\n11\\\\n6.7\\\\n6.2\\\\n7.8\\\\n2.8\\\\n7.6\\\\n17\\\\n2.5\\\\n1.5\\\\nPopulation (million persons, 2019)\\\\n1292\\\\n157\\\\n1471\\\\n291\\\\n620\\\\n646\\\\n252\\\\n366\\\\n674\\\\n1836\\\\nGHG per capita (tCO2-eq per person)\\\\n3.9\\\\n13\\\\n11\\\\n13\\\\n7.8\\\\n9.2\\\\n13\\\\n19\\\\n7.9\\\\n2.6\\\\nGDP per capita (USD1000PPP 2017 per person) 1\\\\n5.0\\\\n43\\\\n17\\\\n20\\\\n43\\\\n15\\\\n20\\\\n61\\\\n12\\\\n6.2\\\\nNet GHG 2019 2 (production basis)\\\\nCO2FFI, 2018, per person\\\\nGHG emissions intensity (tCO2-eq / USD1000PPP 2017) \\\\n0.78\\\\n0.30\\\\n0.62\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.18\\\\n0.61\\\\n0.64\\\\n0.31\\\\n0.65\\\\n0....\",\"Concurrent and cascading risks from climate change to \\\\nfood systems, human settlements, infrastructure and health will make \\\\nthese risks more severe and more dif\\\\ufb01cult to manage, including when \\\\ninteracting with non-climatic risk drivers such as competition for land \\\\nbetween urban expansion and food production, and pandemics (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Loss of ecosystems and their services has cascading and \\\\nlong-term impacts on people globally, especially for Indigenous Peoples \\\\nand local communities who...\",\"1: Key characteristics of the modelled global emissions pathways. Summary of projected CO2 and GHG emissions, projected net zero timings and the resulting global \\\\nwarming outcomes. Pathways are categorised (columns), according to their likelihood of limiting warming to different peak warming levels (if peak temperature occurs before 2100) \\\\nand 2100 warming levels. Values shown are for the median [p50] and 5\\\\u201395th percentiles [p5\\\\u2013p95], noting that not all pathways achieve net zero CO2 or GHGs. {WG...\",\"(high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGII SPM B.5.4, WGII SPM C.2.4; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.11.2; SR1.5 SPM C.3.4, SR1.5 SPM C.3.5; SRCCL SPM B.3, \\\\nSRCCL SPM B.7.3, SRCCL Figure SPM.3}\\\\n139 The impacts, risks, and co-bene\\\\ufb01ts of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-speci\\\\ufb01c context, \\\\nimplementation and scale (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM C.11.2}\\\\n140 The evidence is too limited to make a similar robust conclusion for limiting warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C. {WGIII SPM foo...\",\"with the 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets. \\\\nPercentage of net zero \\\\npathways is denoted in \\\\nround brackets. \\\\nThree dots (\\\\u2026) denotes net \\\\nzero not reached for that \\\\npercentile.\\\\nMedian cumulative net CO2 \\\\nemissions across the \\\\nprojected scenarios in this \\\\ncategory until reaching \\\\nnet-zero or until 2100, with \\\\nthe 5th-95th percentile \\\\ninterval in square brackets.\\\\nProjected temperature \\\\nchange of pathways in this \\\\ncategory (50% probability \\\\nacross the range of climate \\\\nuncertainties)...\",\"84\\\\nSection 3\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 3\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2030 \\\\n43 \\\\n[34-60]\\\\n41 \\\\n[31-59]\\\\n48 \\\\n[35-61]\\\\n23 \\\\n[0-44]\\\\n21 \\\\n[1-42]\\\\n27 \\\\n[13-45]\\\\n5 \\\\n[0-14]\\\\n10  \\\\n[0-27]\\\\n2040\\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n \\\\n2050 \\\\n84 \\\\n[73-98]\\\\n85 \\\\n[72-100]\\\\n84 \\\\n[76-93]\\\\n75 \\\\n[62-91]\\\\n64 \\\\n[53-77]\\\\n63 \\\\n[52-76]\\\\n68 \\\\n[56-83]\\\\n49  \\\\n[35-65]\\\\n29\\\\n[11-48]\\\\n5\\\\n[-2 to 18]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2050-2055 (100%) \\\\n[2035-2070]\\\\n2055-2060 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2045-2070]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(93%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]...\",\"The height of each rectangle shows per capita emissions, the width shows the population of the region, so that the area of the rectangles \\\\nrefers to the total emissions for each region. Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. In the case of two regions, the area for CO2-LULUCF is below the \\\\naxis, indicating net CO2 removals rather than emissions. Panel (c) shows global net anthropogenic GHG emissions by region (in GtCO2-eq yr\\\\u20131 (GWP100-AR6)) for the time period \\\\n1990...\",\"]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]\\\\n2080-2085\\\\n(86%)\\\\n[2065-.]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nGHGs\\\\n(5) \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2095-2100 \\\\n(52%) \\\\n[2050-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2050-2090]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(0%) \\\\n[.-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(87%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(30%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-. \\\\n(24%) \\\\n[2080-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(41%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(31%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n \\\\n2020 to \\\\nnet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n510 \\\\n[330-710]\\\\n550 \\\\n[340-760]\\\\n460 \\\\n[320-590]\\\\n720 \\\\n[530-930]\\\\n890 \\\\n[640-1160]\\\\n860 \\\\n[640-1180]\\\\n910 \\\\n[720-1150]\\\\n1210\\\\n[970-1490]\\\\n1780\\\\n[1400-2360]\\\\n2020\\\\u2013\\\\n2100 \\\\n320 \\\\n[-2...\",\"102\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand burdens, especially for vulnerable countries and communities. \\\\n{WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.2, WGIII SPM D.3.3, WGIII SPM D.3.4, \\\\nWGIII TS Box TS.4}\\\\nDevelopment priorities among countries also re\\\\ufb02ect different \\\\nstarting points and contexts, and enabling conditions for \\\\nshifting development pathways towards increased sustainability \\\\nwill therefore differ, giving rise to different needs (high \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence). Implementing just transition principles through collec...\",\"Many funding, knowledge and practice gaps remain for effective \\\\nimplementation, monitoring and evaluation and current adaptation \\\\nefforts are not expected to meet existing goals (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAt current rates of adaptation planning and implementation the \\\\nadaptation gap will continue to grow (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.1, \\\\nWGII SPM C.1.2, WGII SPM C.4.1, WGII TS.D.1.3, WGII TS.D.1.4} \\\\nSoft and hard adaptation limits100 have already been reached in \\\\nsome sectors and regions, in spite of ad...\",\"Enabling \\\\nconditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII SPM C.4.6}\\\\ninfrastructure design and access. (high con\\\\ufb01dence) {WGIII SPM C.3, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.5, WGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.7.3, WGIII SPM C.8, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.10.2} \\\\nGlobal modelled mitigation pathways reaching net zero CO2 and \\\\nGHG emissions include transitioning from fossil fuels without \\\\ncarbon capture and storage (CCS) to very low- or zero-carbo...\",\"42\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\n2.1 Observed Changes, Impacts and Attribution\\\\nHuman activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, \\\\nwith global surface temperature reaching 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in 2011\\\\u20132020. Global greenhouse gas emissions \\\\nhave continued to increase over 2010\\\\u20132019, with unequal historical and ongoing contributions arising from \\\\nunsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change, lifestyles and patterns of consumpti...\",\"65\\\\nCurrent Status and Trends\\\\nSection 2\\\\nwhich drives\\\\nthat change\\\\nin\\\\ufb02uence\\\\nEmissions\\\\na) AR6 integrated assessment framework on future climate, impacts and mitigation\\\\nClimate\\\\nImpacts / Risks\\\\nMitigation Policy\\\\nAdaptation Policy\\\\nSocio-economic changes\\\\n0\\\\n1\\\\n2\\\\n3\\\\n4\\\\n5\\\\n6\\\\n7\\\\n\\\\u00b0C\\\\nb) Scenarios and pathways across AR6 Working Group reports\\\\nc) Determinants of risk\\\\nTemperature for SSP-based scenarios over the \\\\n21st century and C1-C8 at 2100\\\\nRisks\\\\ncan be \\\\nrepresented as \\\\n\\\\u201cburning embers\\\\u201d\\\\nC1-C8 in 2100\\\\nincreasing ri...\",\"Models do not represent changes in \\\\ufb01shing activities and some extreme climatic \\\\nconditions. Projected changes in the Arctic regions have low con\\\\ufb01dence due to uncertainties associated with modelling multiple interacting \\\\ndrivers and ecosystem responses.\\\\n4Projected regional impacts re\\\\ufb02ect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 \\\\nenhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. Models assume that irrigated areas ...\",\"114\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nInternational cooperation on innovation works best when tailored to \\\\nand bene\\\\ufb01cial for local value chains, when partners collaborate on an \\\\nequal footing, and when capacity building is an integral part of the \\\\neffort (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGIII SPM E.4.4, WGIII SPM E.6.2}\\\\nTechnological innovation can have trade-offs that include \\\\nexternalities such as new and greater environmental impacts and \\\\nsocial inequalities; rebound effects leading to lower net emission \\\\nre...\",\"54\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nMarket cost, with range\\\\nAdoption (note different scales)\\\\nFossil fuel cost (2020)\\\\nPassenger \\\\nelectric vehicle \\\\nPhotovoltaics\\\\n(PV) \\\\nOnshore\\\\nwind \\\\nOffshore\\\\nwind\\\\nKey\\\\na) Market Cost\\\\nb) Market Adoption\\\\nRenewable electricity generation \\\\nis increasingly price-competitive \\\\nand some sectors are electrifying\\\\nSince AR5, the unit costs of some \\\\nforms of renewable energy and \\\\nof batteries for passenger EVs \\\\nhave fallen. \\\\nSince AR5, the installed capacity \\\\nof renewable energies...\",\"Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed modelled global pathways:\\\\n \\\\n- Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable \\\\nambition  levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios across categories C5\\\\u2013C7, WGIII Table SPM.2).\\\\n \\\\n- Limit to 2\\\\u00b0C (&gt;67%) or return warming to 1.5\\\\u00b0C (&gt;50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030: Pathways with GHG emissions until 2030 ...\",\"{WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII TS.C.4.2; SR1.5 SPM A.3, \\\\nSR1.5 SPM B.4.2, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.5.1} (Figure 3.3)\\\\nAt 2\\\\u00b0C of global warming, overall risk levels associated with the unequal \\\\ndistribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4) and \\\\nlarge-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), those associated with extreme weather events (RFC2) would \\\\nbe transitioning to very high (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and those associated \\\\nwith unique an...\",\"Such measures can also achieve \\\\ngreater bene\\\\ufb01ts through cascading effects across sectors \\\\n(medium con\\\\ufb01dence). For example, the feasibility of using land for \\\\nboth agriculture and centralised solar production can increase when \\\\nsuch options are combined (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Similarly, integrated \\\\ntransport and energy infrastructure planning and operations can \\\\ntogether reduce the environmental, social, and economic impacts of \\\\ndecarbonising the transport and energy sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The \\\\nimp...\",\"Urban greening can \\\\nprovide local cooling (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Combining green/natural \\\\nand grey/physical infrastructure adaptation responses has potential \\\\nto reduce adaptation costs and contribute to \\\\ufb02ood control, sanitation, \\\\nwater resources management, landslide prevention and coastal \\\\nprotection (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Globally, more \\\\ufb01nancing is directed \\\\nat grey/physical infrastructure than green/natural infrastructure \\\\nand social infrastructure (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and there is limited \\\\nevid...\",\"Observed Warming and its Causes\\\\nGlobal surface temperature was around 1.1\\\\u00b0C above 1850\\\\u20131900 in \\\\n2011\\\\u20132020 (1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]\\\\u00b0C)64, with larger increases \\\\nover land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]\\\\u00b0C) than over the ocean \\\\n(0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]\\\\u00b0C)65. Observed warming is human-caused, with \\\\nwarming from greenhouse gases (GHG), dominated by CO2 and \\\\nmethane (CH4), partly masked by aerosol cooling (Figure 2.1). \\\\nGlobal surface temperature in the \\\\ufb01rst two decades of the 21st century \\\\n(2001\\\\u20132020) was 0.99 [0.84 t...\",\"{WGII SPM C1.1} \\\\nGlobally tracked adaptation \\\\ufb01nance has shown an upward trend \\\\nsince AR5, but represents only a small portion of total climate \\\\n\\\\ufb01nance, is uneven and has developed heterogeneously across \\\\nregions and sectors (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Adaptation \\\\ufb01nance has come \\\\npredominantly from public sources, largely through grants, concessional \\\\nand non-concessional instruments (very high con\\\\ufb01dence). Globally, \\\\nprivate-sector \\\\ufb01nancing of adaptation from a variety of sources such \\\\nas commercial \\\\ufb01nanci...\",\"Synergies with mitigation are identi\\\\ufb01ed as high, medium, and low. The right-hand side of panel (a) provides an overview of selected \\\\nmitigation options and their estimated costs and potentials in 2030. Relative potentials and costs will vary by place, context and time and in the longer term compared to 2030. Costs \\\\nare net lifetime discounted monetary costs of avoided greenhouse gas emissions calculated relative to a reference technology. The potential (horizontal axis) is the quantity of net \\\\nG...\",\"44\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nAverage annual GHG emissions during 2010\\\\u20132019 were higher \\\\nthan in any previous decade, but the rate of growth between \\\\n2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr-1) was lower than that between 2000 \\\\nand 2009 (2.1% yr-1)69. Historical cumulative net CO2 emissions from \\\\n1850 to 2019 were 2400 \\\\u00b1240 GtCO2. Of these, more than half (58%) \\\\noccurred between 1850 and 1989 [1400 \\\\u00b1195 GtCO2], and about 42% \\\\nbetween 1990 and 2019 [1000 \\\\u00b190 GtCO2]. Global net anthropogenic \\\\nGHG emissions have ...\",\"106\\\\nSection 4\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 4\\\\nand marginalised communities including people living in informal \\\\nsettlements (high con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.6, WGII \\\\nSPM C.2.7, WGII SPM D.3.2, WGII TS.E.1.4, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FEAS; \\\\nWGIII SPM C.6, WGIII SPM C.6.2, WGIII SPM D.1.3, WGIII SPM D.2.1}\\\\nResponses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying \\\\ncoastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, \\\\naccommodation, advance and planned relocation. These ...\",\"60\\\\nSection 2\\\\nSection 1\\\\nSection 2\\\\nCross-Section Box.1: Understanding Net Zero CO2 and Net Zero GHG Emissions \\\\nLimiting human-caused global warming to a speci\\\\ufb01c level requires limiting cumulative CO2 emissions, reaching net zero or net negative \\\\nCO2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other GHG emissions (see 3.3.2). Future additional warming will depend on future emissions, \\\\nwith total warming dominated by past and future cumulative CO2 emissions. {WGI SPM D.1.1, WGI Figure SPM.4; SR1.5 SP...\",\"The synergies and trade-offs differ depending on the context and the scale of implementation. Scale of implementation particularly matters when there is \\\\ncompetition for scarce resources. For the sake of uniformity, we are not reporting the con\\\\ufb01dence levels because there is knowledge gap in adaptation option wise relation with SDGs \\\\nand their con\\\\ufb01dence level which is evident from WGII \\\\ufb01g SPM.4b. {WGII Figure SPM.4b; WGIII Figure SPM.8}\\\\nEffective climate governance enables mitigation and adaptati...\",\"Current development pathways may create behavioural, \\\\nspatial, economic and social barriers to accelerated mitigation at all \\\\nscales (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Choices made by policymakers, citizens, the \\\\nprivate sector and other stakeholders in\\\\ufb02uence societies\\\\u2019 development \\\\npathways (high con\\\\ufb01dence). Structural factors of national circumstances \\\\nand capabilities (e.g., economic and natural endowments, political \\\\nsystems and cultural factors and gender considerations) affect the \\\\nbreadth and depth of cli...\",\"Models do not represent changes in \\\\ufb01shing activities and some extreme climatic \\\\nconditions. Projected changes in the Arctic regions have low con\\\\ufb01dence due to uncertainties associated with modelling multiple interacting \\\\ndrivers and ecosystem responses.\\\\n4Projected regional impacts re\\\\ufb02ect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 \\\\nenhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. Models assume that irrigated areas ...\",\"91\\\\nSection 4\\\\nNear-Term Responses \\\\nin a Changing Climate\",\"WCA (West Central Asia), \\\\nECA (East Central Asia), TIB (Tibetan \\\\nPlateau), EAS (East Asia), ARP (Arabian \\\\nPeninsula), SAS (South Asia), SEA (South East \\\\nAsia), Australasia: NAU (Northern Australia), \\\\nCAU (Central Australia), EAU (Eastern \\\\nAustralia), SAU (Southern Australia), NZ \\\\n(New Zealand), Small Islands: CAR \\\\n(Caribbean), PAC (Paci\\\\ufb01c Small Islands)\\\\nNWN\\\\nNEN\\\\nGIC\\\\nNEU\\\\nRAR\\\\nWNA\\\\nCNA\\\\nENA\\\\nWCE\\\\nEEU\\\\nWSB\\\\nESB\\\\nRFE\\\\nNCA\\\\nMED\\\\nWCA\\\\nECA\\\\nTIB\\\\nEAS\\\\nSCA\\\\nCAR\\\\nSAH\\\\nARP\\\\nSAS\\\\nSEA\\\\nNWS\\\\nNSA\\\\nWAF\\\\nCAF\\\\nNEAF\\\\nNAU\\\\nSAM\\\\nNES\\\\nWSAF SEAF\\\\nC...\",\"]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(91%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n2065-2070 \\\\n(97%) \\\\n[2055-2090]\\\\n2080-2085\\\\n(86%)\\\\n[2065-.]\\\\nNet zero \\\\nGHGs\\\\n(5) \\\\n(% net zero \\\\npathways) \\\\n \\\\n2095-2100 \\\\n(52%) \\\\n[2050-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(100%) \\\\n[2050-2090]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(0%) \\\\n[.-.]\\\\n2070-2075 \\\\n(87%) \\\\n[2055-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(30%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-. \\\\n(24%) \\\\n[2080-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(41%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n.-.\\\\n(31%) \\\\n[2075-.]\\\\n \\\\n2020 to \\\\nnet zero \\\\nCO2  \\\\n510 \\\\n[330-710]\\\\n550 \\\\n[340-760]\\\\n460 \\\\n[320-590]\\\\n720 \\\\n[530-930]\\\\n890 \\\\n[640-1160]\\\\n860 \\\\n[640-1180]\\\\n910 \\\\n[720-1150]\\\\n1210\\\\n[970-1490]\\\\n1780\\\\n[1400-2360]\\\\n2020\\\\u2013\\\\n2100 \\\\n320 \\\\n[-2...\",\"Globally, adaptation options related \\\\nto agroforestry and forestry have a sharp decline in effectiveness at 3\\\\u00b0C, \\\\nwith a substantial increase in residual risk (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\n{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.2.1, WGII SPM C.2.5, WGII SPM C.2.10, \\\\nWGII Figure TS.6 Panel (e), 4.7.2} \\\\nWith increasing global warming, more limits to adaptation will be \\\\nreached and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among the \\\\npoorest vulnerable populations, will increase (high con\\\\ufb01dence). \\\\nAlready below 1.5\\\\u00b0C, a...\",\"{WGII SPM B.5.1, WGII SPM C.2.9, \\\\nWGII SPM D.2.1, WGII TS Box TS.4; WGIII SPM D.3, WGIII SPM D.3.3, \\\\nWGIII SPM WGIII SPM E.3, SR1.5 SPM D.4.5} (Figure 4.3c)\\\\nRegions and people with considerable development constraints \\\\nhave high vulnerability to climatic hazards. Adaptation \\\\noutcomes for the most vulnerable within and across countries \\\\nand regions are enhanced through approaches focusing on \\\\nequity, inclusivity, and rights-based approaches, including 3.3 to \\\\n3.6 billion people living in contexts...\",\"{WGII SPM C.2, WGII SPM C.4.4; WGIII SPM C.6.3, WGIII SPM C.6, \\\\nWGIII SPM C.7.2, WGIII SPM C.8.5, WGIII SPM D.1.2, WGIII SPM D.1.5, \\\\nWGIII SPM E.1.2}\\\\nMitigation and adaptation when implemented together, and \\\\ncombined with broader sustainable development objectives, \\\\nwould yield multiple bene\\\\ufb01ts for human well-being as well as \\\\necosystem and planetary health (high con\\\\ufb01dence). The range of \\\\nsuch positive interactions is signi\\\\ufb01cant in the landscape of near-term \\\\nclimate policies across regions, sec...\",\"91\\\\nSection 4\\\\nNear-Term Responses \\\\nin a Changing Climate\",\"{WGII SPM B.3, WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII TS.C.4.2; SR1.5 SPM A.3, \\\\nSR1.5 SPM B.4.2, SR1.5 SPM B.5, SR1.5 SPM B.5.1} (Figure 3.3)\\\\nAt 2\\\\u00b0C of global warming, overall risk levels associated with the unequal \\\\ndistribution of impacts (RFC3), global aggregate impacts (RFC4) and \\\\nlarge-scale singular events (RFC5) would be transitioning to high (medium \\\\ncon\\\\ufb01dence), those associated with extreme weather events (RFC2) would \\\\nbe transitioning to very high (medium con\\\\ufb01dence), and those associated \\\\nwith unique an...\",\"Climate-related risks to health, \\\\nlivelihoods, food security, water supply, human security, and economic \\\\ngrowth are projected to increase with global warming of 1.5\\\\u00b0C. In \\\\nterrestrial ecosystems, 3 to 14% of the tens of thousands of species \\\\nassessed will likely face a very high risk of extinction at a GWL of 1.5\\\\u00b0C. \\\\nCoral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70\\\\u201390% at 1.5\\\\u00b0C of \\\\nglobal warming (high con\\\\ufb01dence). At this GWL, many low-elevation \\\\nand small glaciers around the world would lo...\",\"For example, very high extinction risk for endemic \\\\nspecies in biodiversity hotspots is projected to increase at least tenfold \\\\nif warming rises from 1.5\\\\u00b0C to 3\\\\u00b0C (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). Projected \\\\nincreases in direct \\\\ufb02ood damages are higher by 1.4 to 2 times at 2\\\\u00b0C \\\\nand 2.5 to 3.9 times at 3\\\\u00b0C, compared to 1.5\\\\u00b0C global warming without \\\\nadaptation (medium con\\\\ufb01dence). {WGII SPM B.4.1, WGII SPM B.4.2, \\\\nWGII Figure SPM.3, WGII TS Appendix AII, WGII Appendix I Global to \\\\nRegional Atlas Figure AI.46} (Fi...\"]],[\"color\",[\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\",\"#0a980a\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#ba0e0e\",\"#0a980a\"]]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"p1337\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"p1338\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1333\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.7},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.7}}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1334\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1}}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1335\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"line_width\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2}}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"p1351\",\"attributes\":{\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1342\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1343\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1344\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[304],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"y\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[304],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"p1352\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"p1353\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1348\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2}}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1349\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1}}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Scatter\",\"id\":\"p1350\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":6},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"grey\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2}}}}}],\"toolbar\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Toolbar\",\"id\":\"p1305\",\"attributes\":{\"logo\":\"grey\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"PanTool\",\"id\":\"p1320\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"WheelZoomTool\",\"id\":\"p1321\",\"attributes\":{\"renderers\":\"auto\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxZoomTool\",\"id\":\"p1322\",\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BoxAnnotation\",\"id\":\"p1323\",\"attributes\":{\"syncable\":false,\"level\":\"overlay\",\"visible\":false,\"left\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"right\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"top\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"bottom\":{\"type\":\"number\",\"value\":\"nan\"},\"left_units\":\"canvas\",\"right_units\":\"canvas\",\"top_units\":\"canvas\",\"bottom_units\":\"canvas\",\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"fill_alpha\":0.5}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ResetTool\",\"id\":\"p1328\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"SaveTool\",\"id\":\"p1329\"},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HoverTool\",\"id\":\"p1295\",\"attributes\":{\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1336\"}],\"tooltips\":\"\\\\n    &lt;div style=\\\\\"width:400px;\\\\\"&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Document id:&lt;/b&gt; @id &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Topic:&lt;/b&gt; @topic &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Question:&lt;/b&gt; @questions &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;agent Answer:&lt;/b&gt; @agent_answer &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Reference Answer:&lt;/b&gt; @reference_answer &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Correctness:&lt;/b&gt; @correctness &lt;br&gt;\\\\n    &lt;b&gt;Content:&lt;/b&gt; @content\\\\n    &lt;/div&gt;\\\\n    \"}}]}},\"left\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"p1315\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"p1316\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1317\"},\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1318\"}}}],\"below\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"p1310\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"p1311\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1312\"},\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1313\"}}}],\"center\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1314\",\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1310\"},\"grid_line_color\":\"white\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1319\",\"attributes\":{\"dimension\":1,\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1315\"},\"grid_line_color\":\"white\"}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Legend\",\"id\":\"p1339\",\"attributes\":{\"title\":\"Question Correctness\",\"title_text_font_style\":\"bold\",\"items\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1340\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"False\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1336\"}],\"index\":0}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1341\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"True\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1336\"}],\"index\":1}}]}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LabelSet\",\"id\":\"p1357\",\"attributes\":{\"level\":\"glyph\",\"source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1354\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1355\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1356\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"IHCKQIcDkECcFIhAEBGYQDmG/0D4xvNAB6rUQPyK60A=\"},\"shape\":[8],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"y\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"dp1owOPn6T+HoQg+PSFUPwcHD8AICaQ9IUQHv+01qL8=\"},\"shape\":[8],\"dtype\":\"float32\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"topic\",[\"Climate Change Action\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Risks\"]]]}}},\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"text\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"topic\"},\"text_font_size\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"12pt\"},\"text_font_style\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"bold\"},\"text_align\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"center\"}}}],\"background_fill_color\":\"#efefef\"}}}}],\"tabs_location\":\"below\"}}]}}';\n",
       "        const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"d4928956-4765-49db-83df-b23b0a063c6b\",\"roots\":{\"p1362\":\"e75dbefb-6a13-433d-9820-07706b85b1f5\"},\"root_ids\":[\"p1362\"]}];\n",
       "        root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "        }\n",
       "        if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "          embed_document(root);\n",
       "        } else {\n",
       "          let attempts = 0;\n",
       "          const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "            if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "              clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "              embed_document(root);\n",
       "            } else {\n",
       "              attempts++;\n",
       "              if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "                clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "                console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "              }\n",
       "            }\n",
       "          }, 10, root)\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      })(window);\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  };\n",
       "  if (document.readyState != \"loading\") fn();\n",
       "  else document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", fn);\n",
       "})();\n",
       "    </script>\n",
       "\n",
       "                <div id=\"e75dbefb-6a13-433d-9820-07706b85b1f5\" data-root-id=\"p1362\" style=\"display: contents;\"></div>\n",
       "            </div>\n",
       "            \n",
       "            <div class=\"overview-side\" style=\"flex:1\">\n",
       "                <h3 class=\"extended-title\">Components Analysis</h3>\n",
       "                <table style=\"width:100%\" id=\"component-table\">\n",
       "                \n",
       "                    <tr title=\"This is a tooltip\">\n",
       "                        <td><strong>GENERATOR</strong> </td>\n",
       "                        <td><progress max=\"100\" value=79.0 class=\" progress-green \">79.0%</progress> <span class=\"tooltip-text\" id=\"fade\">The Generator is the LLM inside the RAG to generate the answers.</span></td>\n",
       "                        <td><strong>79.0%</strong> </td>\n",
       "                    </tr>\n",
       "                \n",
       "                    <tr title=\"This is a tooltip\">\n",
       "                        <td><strong>RETRIEVER</strong> </td>\n",
       "                        <td><progress max=\"100\" value=70.0 class=\" progress-green \">70.0%</progress> <span class=\"tooltip-text\" id=\"fade\">The Retriever fetches relevant documents from the knowledge base according to a user query.</span></td>\n",
       "                        <td><strong>70.0%</strong> </td>\n",
       "                    </tr>\n",
       "                \n",
       "                    <tr title=\"This is a tooltip\">\n",
       "                        <td><strong>REWRITER</strong> </td>\n",
       "                        <td><progress max=\"100\" value=68.33333333333333 class=\" progress-orange \">68.33%</progress> <span class=\"tooltip-text\" id=\"fade\">The Rewriter modifies the user query to match a predefined format or to include the context from the chat history.</span></td>\n",
       "                        <td><strong>68.33%</strong> </td>\n",
       "                    </tr>\n",
       "                \n",
       "                    <tr title=\"This is a tooltip\">\n",
       "                        <td><strong>ROUTING</strong> </td>\n",
       "                        <td><progress max=\"100\" value=100.0 class=\" progress-green \">100.0%</progress> <span class=\"tooltip-text\" id=\"fade\">The Router filters the query of the user based on his intentions (intentions detection).</span></td>\n",
       "                        <td><strong>100.0%</strong> </td>\n",
       "                    </tr>\n",
       "                \n",
       "                    <tr title=\"This is a tooltip\">\n",
       "                        <td><strong>KNOWLEDGE_BASE</strong> </td>\n",
       "                        <td><progress max=\"100\" value=25.0 class=\" progress-red \">25.0%</progress> <span class=\"tooltip-text\" id=\"fade\">The knowledge base is the set of documents given to the RAG to generate the answers. Its scores is computed differently than the other components: it is the difference between the maximum and minimum correctness score across all the topics of the knowledge base.</span></td>\n",
       "                        <td><strong>25.0%</strong> </td>\n",
       "                    </tr>\n",
       "                \n",
       "                </table>\n",
       "                <div class=\"callout\">\n",
       "                    <span class=\"callout-icon\">\n",
       "                        <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\n",
       "                        <path\n",
       "                            d=\"M14 9.5c0-.825.675-1.5 1.5-1.5h1c.825 0 1.5.675 1.5 1.5v1c0 .825-.675 1.5-1.5 1.5h-1c-.825 0-1.5-.675-1.5-1.5v-1zM20 24h-8v-2h2v-6h-2v-2h6v8h2z\" />\n",
       "                        <path\n",
       "                            d=\"M16 0C7.163 0 0 7.163 0 16s7.163 16 16 16 16-7.163 16-16S24.837 0 16 0zm0 29C8.82 29 3 23.18 3 16S8.82 3 16 3s13 5.82 13 13-5.82 13-13 13z\" />\n",
       "                    </svg></span>\n",
       "                    \n",
       "                    <p>Each component is scored based on the correctness of the agent on different types of questions.\n",
       "                    Each score grades a component from 0 to 100%. <br>\n",
       "                    <strong>Low scores help you identify weaknesses of your RAG and what\n",
       "                    components need improvement</strong>.</p>\n",
       "                   \n",
       "                </div>\n",
       "            </div>\n",
       "        </div>\n",
       "        <div id=\"gsk-advice\">\n",
       "            <div id=\"recommendation\">\n",
       "                <h2>⚠️ Recommendation</h2>\n",
       "                To enhance the RAG system&#39;s performance, focus on expanding and refining the knowledge base related to &#34;Global GHG Emissions,&#34; as it has the lowest score, indicating a significant knowledge gap, and work on improving the rewriter component to boost the scores for conversational and double questions, which are currently the lowest among question types.\n",
       "            </div>\n",
       "            \n",
       "        </div>\n",
       "        <div class=\"separator\"></div>\n",
       "        <div id=\"gsk-correctness\">\n",
       "            <h3>Correctness</h3>\n",
       "\n",
       "            <div class=\"flex-row\">\n",
       "                <div style=\"flex:0.7\">\n",
       "                    <div class=\"correctness-indicator  green \">Overall Correctness Score: 75.83% </div>\n",
       "                </div>\n",
       "\n",
       "                <div class=\"corr-plot\">\n",
       "                        <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "        (function() {\n",
       "  const fn = function() {\n",
       "    Bokeh.safely(function() {\n",
       "      (function(root) {\n",
       "        function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "        const docs_json = '{\"e164cb11-878d-486c-a2e3-b2ce7beb7457\":{\"version\":\"3.4.0\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"p1423\",\"attributes\":{\"height\":350,\"width_policy\":\"max\",\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"DataRange1d\",\"id\":\"p1425\"},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"FactorRange\",\"id\":\"p1433\",\"attributes\":{\"factors\":[\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\"]}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1434\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CategoricalScale\",\"id\":\"p1435\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"p1426\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"Correctness by topic\",\"text_font_size\":\"14pt\"}},\"renderers\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"p1453\",\"attributes\":{\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1420\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1421\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1422\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"correctness\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"a8qasqasVkCqqqqqqqpQQAAAAAAAgFZAAAAAAAAAWUAAAAAAAABOQGppaWlpaU1AAAAAAAAAOUAAAAAAAMBSQA==\"},\"shape\":[8],\"dtype\":\"float64\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"metadata_values\",[\"Climate Change Action\",\"Climate Change Assessment\",\"Climate Change Impacts\",\"Climate Change Projections\",\"Climate Change Risks\",\"Climate Change Scenarios\",\"Global GHG Emissions\",\"Others\"]],[\"colors\",[\"#2a9f54\",\"#e9f5a1\",\"#33a456\",\"#006837\",\"#fef4ad\",\"#feefa5\",\"#a50026\",\"#b7e075\"]]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"p1454\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"p1455\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HBar\",\"id\":\"p1450\",\"attributes\":{\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"metadata_values\"},\"height\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.9},\"right\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"correctness\"},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"colors\"}}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HBar\",\"id\":\"p1451\",\"attributes\":{\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"metadata_values\"},\"height\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.9},\"right\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"correctness\"},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"colors\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.1}}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HBar\",\"id\":\"p1452\",\"attributes\":{\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"metadata_values\"},\"height\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.9},\"right\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"correctness\"},\"line_color\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"colors\"},\"fill_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":0.2}}}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"GlyphRenderer\",\"id\":\"p1463\",\"attributes\":{\"visible\":false,\"data_source\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"ColumnDataSource\",\"id\":\"p1457\",\"attributes\":{\"selected\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Selection\",\"id\":\"p1458\",\"attributes\":{\"indices\":[],\"line_indices\":[]}},\"selection_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"UnionRenderers\",\"id\":\"p1459\"},\"data\":{\"type\":\"map\",\"entries\":[[\"x\",[0]],[\"y\",[0]]]}}},\"view\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CDSView\",\"id\":\"p1464\",\"attributes\":{\"filter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllIndices\",\"id\":\"p1465\"}}},\"glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"p1460\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"red\",\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[6]}},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"p1461\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"red\",\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[6]}},\"muted_glyph\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Line\",\"id\":\"p1462\",\"attributes\":{\"x\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"type\":\"field\",\"field\":\"y\"},\"line_color\":\"red\",\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[6]}}}}],\"toolbar\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Toolbar\",\"id\":\"p1432\",\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"HoverTool\",\"id\":\"p1446\",\"attributes\":{\"renderers\":\"auto\",\"tooltips\":[[\"topic\",\"@metadata_values\"],[\"Correctness\",\"@correctness{0.00}\"]]}}]}},\"toolbar_location\":null,\"left\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CategoricalAxis\",\"id\":\"p1441\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CategoricalTicker\",\"id\":\"p1442\"},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"CategoricalTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1443\"},\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1444\"}}}],\"below\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearAxis\",\"id\":\"p1436\",\"attributes\":{\"ticker\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTicker\",\"id\":\"p1437\",\"attributes\":{\"mantissas\":[1,2,5]}},\"formatter\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"BasicTickFormatter\",\"id\":\"p1438\"},\"axis_label\":\"Correctness (%)\",\"major_label_policy\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"AllLabels\",\"id\":\"p1439\"}}}],\"center\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1440\",\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1436\"}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Grid\",\"id\":\"p1445\",\"attributes\":{\"dimension\":1,\"axis\":{\"id\":\"p1441\"}}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Span\",\"id\":\"p1456\",\"attributes\":{\"location\":75.83333333333333,\"dimension\":\"height\",\"line_color\":\"red\",\"line_width\":2,\"line_dash\":[6]}},{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Legend\",\"id\":\"p1466\",\"attributes\":{\"items\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LegendItem\",\"id\":\"p1467\",\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"type\":\"value\",\"value\":\"Correctness on the entire Testset\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"p1463\"}]}}]}}]}}]}}';\n",
       "        const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"e164cb11-878d-486c-a2e3-b2ce7beb7457\",\"roots\":{\"p1423\":\"c165d6cd-4501-448c-a980-22a4f62433b0\"},\"root_ids\":[\"p1423\"]}];\n",
       "        root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "        }\n",
       "        if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "          embed_document(root);\n",
       "        } else {\n",
       "          let attempts = 0;\n",
       "          const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "            if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "              clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "              embed_document(root);\n",
       "            } else {\n",
       "              attempts++;\n",
       "              if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "                clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "                console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "              }\n",
       "            }\n",
       "          }, 10, root)\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      })(window);\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  };\n",
       "  if (document.readyState != \"loading\") fn();\n",
       "  else document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", fn);\n",
       "})();\n",
       "    </script>\n",
       "\n",
       "                    <div id=\"c165d6cd-4501-448c-a980-22a4f62433b0\" data-root-id=\"p1423\" style=\"display: contents;\"></div>\n",
       "                </div>\n",
       "            </div>\n",
       "        </div>\n",
       "        \n",
       "    </div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "    function opentab(evt, name) {\n",
       "    // Declare all variables\n",
       "    let i, tabcontent, tablinks;\n",
       "\n",
       "    // Get all elements with class=\"tabcontent\" and hide them\n",
       "    tabcontent = document.getElementsByClassName(\"tabcontent\");\n",
       "    for (i = 0; i < tabcontent.length; i++) {\n",
       "        tabcontent[i].style.display = \"none\";\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    // Get all elements with class=\"tablinks\" and remove the class \"active\"\n",
       "    tablinks = document.getElementsByClassName(\"tablinks\");\n",
       "    for (i = 0; i < tablinks.length; i++) {\n",
       "        tablinks[i].className = tablinks[i].className.replace(\" active\", \"\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    // Show the current tab, and add an \"active\" class to the button that opened the tab\n",
       "    document.getElementById(name).style.display = \"block\";\n",
       "    evt.currentTarget.className += \" active\";\n",
       "}\n",
       "</script>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<giskard.rag.report.RAGReport at 0x29f269900>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "display(report)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### RAGET question types\n",
    "\n",
    "<font size=\"4\">Each question type assesses a few RAG components. This makes it possible to localize weaknesses in the RAG Agent and give feedback to the developers.</font>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "|Question type   | Description | Example  | Targeted RAG components  |\n",
    "|---|---|---|---|\n",
    "| **Simple**  | Simple questions generated from an excerpt of the knowledge base | *How much will the global temperature rise by 2100?*  | `Generator`, `Retriever`  | \n",
    "| **Complex**   | Questions made more complex by paraphrasing | *How much will the temperature rise in a century?*  | `Generator`  | \n",
    "| **Distracting**  | Questions made to confuse the retrieval part of the RAG with a distracting element from the knowledge base but irrelevant to the question | *Renewable energy are cheaper but how much will the global temperature rise by 2100?*  | `Generator`, `Retriever`, `Rewriter`  |\n",
    "| **Situational**  | Questions including user context to evaluate the ability of the generation to produce relevant answer according to the context | *I want to take personal actions to reduce my carbon footprint and I wonder how much will the global temperature rise by 2100?*  |`Generator`   |\n",
    "| **Double**  | Questions with two distinct parts to evaluate the capabilities of the query rewriter of the RAG | *How much will the global temperature rise by 2100 and what is the main source of Greenhouse Gases?*  | `Generator`, `Rewriter`  |\n",
    "| **Conversational**  |Questions made as part of a conversation, first message describe the context of the question that is ask in the last message, also tests the rewriter |  - *I want to know more about the global temperature evolution by 2100.* <br>- *How high will it be?*   | `Rewriter`, `Routing` |\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Upload the test set on Giskard Hub"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Dataset successfully uploaded to project key 'ipcc' with ID = fb0fb983-91c8-4555-9e0e-cb6a34e2fcd2\n",
      "Test suite has been saved: http://localhost:19000/main/projects/ipcc/testing/suite/365\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<giskard.core.suite.Suite at 0x298fff970>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from giskard import GiskardClient\n",
    "import os\n",
    "\n",
    "client = GiskardClient(\n",
    "    url=\"http://localhost:19000\",  # Option 1: Use URL of your local Giskard instance.\n",
    "    key=os.getenv(\"GSK_HUB_KEY\"),\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "suite = testset.to_test_suite(name=\"IPCC Test Suite\")\n",
    "suite.upload(client, project_key=\"ipcc\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.10.12"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 4
}