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<title>Announcing Rust 1.68.0 | Rust Blog</title>
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<section id="Announcing Rust 1.68.0" class="white">
<div class="w-100 mw-none ph3 mw8-m mw8-l center f3">
<header>
<h2>Announcing Rust 1.68.0</h2>
<div class="highlight mt2 mb3"></div>
</header>
<div class="publish-date-author">Mar. 9, 2023 · The Rust Release Team
</div>
<div class="post">
<p>The Rust team is happy to announce a new version of Rust, 1.68.0. Rust is a
programming language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient
software.</p>
<p>If you have a previous version of Rust installed via rustup, you can get 1.68.0
with:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">rustup update stable
</code></pre>
<p>If you don't have it already, you can <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/install.html">get
<code>rustup</code></a> from the appropriate page on
our website, and check out the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md#version-1680-2023-03-09">detailed release notes for
1.68.0</a>
on GitHub.</p>
<p>If you'd like to help us out by testing future releases, you might consider
updating locally to use the beta channel (<code>rustup default beta</code>) or the nightly
channel (<code>rustup default nightly</code>). Please
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new/choose">report</a> any bugs you
might come across!</p>
<h2><a href="#whats-in-1680-stable" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="whats-in-1680-stable"></a>What's in 1.68.0 stable</h2>
<h3><a href="#cargos-sparse-protocol" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="cargos-sparse-protocol"></a>Cargo's sparse protocol</h3>
<p>Cargo's "sparse" registry protocol has been stabilized for reading the index of
crates, along with infrastructure at <code>https://index.crates.io/</code> for those
published in the primary crates.io registry. The prior git protocol (which is
still the default) clones a repository that indexes <em>all</em> crates available in
the registry, but this has started to hit scaling limitations, with noticeable
delays while updating that repository. The new protocol should provide a
significant performance improvement when accessing crates.io, as it will only
download information about the subset of crates that you actually use.</p>
<p>To use the sparse protocol with crates.io, set the environment variable
<code>CARGO_REGISTRIES_CRATES_IO_PROTOCOL=sparse</code>, or edit your
<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html"><code>.cargo/config.toml</code> file</a>
to add:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[registries.crates-io]
protocol = "sparse"
</code></pre>
<p>The sparse protocol is currently planned to become the default for crates.io in
the 1.70.0 release in a few months. For more information, please see the prior
<a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2023/01/30/cargo-sparse-protocol.html">announcement</a>
on the Inside Rust Blog, as well as
<a href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2789-sparse-index.html">RFC 2789</a>
and the current
<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/reference/registry-index.html#sparse-protocol">documentation</a>
in the Cargo Book.</p>
<h3><a href="#local-pin-construction" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="local-pin-construction"></a>Local <code>Pin</code> construction</h3>
<p>The new <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/pin/macro.pin.html"><code>pin!</code></a> macro
constructs a <code>Pin<&mut T></code> from a <code>T</code> expression, anonymously captured in local
state. This is often called stack-pinning, but that "stack" could also be the
captured state of an <code>async fn</code> or block. This macro is similar to some crates,
like <a href="https://docs.rs/tokio/1/tokio/macro.pin.html"><code>tokio::pin!</code></a>, but the
standard library can take advantage of <code>Pin</code> internals and <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/destructors.html#temporary-lifetime-extension">temporary lifetime
extension</a>
for a more expression-like macro.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust">/// Runs a future to completion.
fn block_on<F: Future>(future: F) -> F::Output {
let waker_that_unparks_thread = todo!();
let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker_that_unparks_thread);
// Pin the future so it can be polled.
let mut pinned_future = pin!(future);
loop {
match pinned_future.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
Poll::Pending => thread::park(),
Poll::Ready(result) => return result,
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>In this example, the original <code>future</code> will be moved into a temporary local,
referenced by the new <code>pinned_future</code> with type <code>Pin<&mut F></code>, and that pin is
subject to the normal borrow checker to make sure it can't outlive that local.</p>
<h3><a href="#default-alloc-error-handler" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="default-alloc-error-handler"></a>Default <code>alloc</code> error handler</h3>
<p>When allocation fails in Rust, APIs like <code>Box::new</code> and <code>Vec::push</code> have no way
to indicate that failure, so some divergent execution path needs to be taken.
When using the <code>std</code> crate, the program will print to <code>stderr</code> and abort.
As of Rust 1.68.0, binaries which include <code>std</code> will continue to have
this behavior. Binaries which do not include <code>std</code>, only including <code>alloc</code>, will now <code>panic!</code>
on allocation failure, which may be further adjusted via a <code>#[panic_handler]</code> if desired.</p>
<p>In the future, it's likely that the behavior for <code>std</code> will also be changed to match that of <code>alloc</code>-only binaries.</p>
<h3><a href="#stabilized-apis" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="stabilized-apis"></a>Stabilized APIs</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/pin/macro.pin.html"><code>{core,std}::pin::pin!</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.f32.html#impl-From%3Cbool%3E-for-f32"><code>impl From<bool> for {f32,f64}</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/path/constant.MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR.html"><code>std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/path/struct.PathBuf.html#impl-DerefMut-for-PathBuf"><code>impl DerefMut for PathBuf</code></a></li>
</ul>
<p>These APIs are now stable in const contexts:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.VecDeque.html#method.new"><code>VecDeque::new</code></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="#other-changes" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="other-changes"></a>Other changes</h3>
<ul>
<li>As <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2023/01/09/android-ndk-update-r25.html">previously announced</a>,
Android platform support in Rust is now targeting NDK r25, which corresponds to
a minimum supported API level of 19 (KitKat).</li>
</ul>
<p>Check out everything that changed in
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/stable/RELEASES.md#version-1680-2023-03-09">Rust</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#cargo-168-2023-03-09">Cargo</a>,
and <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#rust-168">Clippy</a>.</p>
<h3><a href="#contributors-to-1680" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="contributors-to-1680"></a>Contributors to 1.68.0</h3>
<p>Many people came together to create Rust 1.68.0.
We couldn't have done it without all of you.
<a href="https://thanks.rust-lang.org/rust/1.68.0/">Thanks!</a></p>
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