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Appendix A: Ethereum Standards

Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs)

The Ethereum Improvement Proposal repository is located at https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/. The workflow is illustrated in Ethereum Improvement Proposal workflow.

From EIP-1:

EIP stands for Ethereum Improvement Proposal. An EIP is a design document providing information to the Ethereum community, or describing a new feature for Ethereum or its processes or environment. The EIP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature and a rationale for the feature. The EIP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions.

Ethereum Improvement Proposal Workflow
Figure 1. Ethereum Improvement Proposal workflow

Table of Most Important EIPs and ERCs

Table 1. Important EIPs and ERCs
EIP/ERC # Title/Description Author Layer Status Created

EIP-1

EIP Purpose and Guidelines

Martin Becze, Hudson Jameson

Meta

Final

EIP-2

Homestead Hard-fork Changes

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

EIP-5

Gas Usage for RETURN and CALL*

Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Draft

EIP-6

Renaming SUICIDE Opcode

Hudson Jameson

Interface

Final

EIP-7

DELEGATECALL

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

EIP-8

devp2p Forward Compatibility Requirements for Homestead

Felix Lange

Networking

Final

EIP-20

ERC-20 Token Standard. Describes standard functions a token contract may implement to allow DApps and wallets to handle tokens across multiple interfaces/DApps. Methods include: totalSupply, balanceOf(address), transfer, transferFrom, approve, allowance. Events include: Transfer (triggered when tokens are transferred), Approval (triggered when approve is called).

Fabian Vogelsteller, Vitalik Buterin

ERC

Final

Frontier

EIP-55

Mixed-case checksum address encoding

Vitalik Buterin

ERC

Final

EIP-86

Abstraction of transaction origin and signature. Sets the stage for "abstracting out" account security and allowing users to create "account contracts," moving toward a model where in the long term all accounts are contracts that can pay for gas, and users are free to define their own security models that perform any desired signature verification and nonce checks (instead of using the in-protocol mechanism where ECDSA and the default nonce scheme are the only "standard" way to secure an account, which is currently hardcoded into transaction processing).

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Deferred (to be replaced)

Constantinople

EIP-96

Blockhash and state root changes. Stores blockhashes in the state to reduce protocol complexity and need for complex client implementations to process the BLOCKHASH opcode. Extends range of how far back blockhash checking may go, with the side effect of creating direct links between blocks with very distant block numbers to facilitate much more efficient initial light client syncing.

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Deferred

Constantinople

EIP-100

Change difficulty adjustment to target mean block time and including uncles.

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-101

Serenity Currency and Crypto Abstraction. Abstracts ether up a level with the benefit of allowing ether and subtokens to be treated similarly by contracts, reduces the level of indirection required for custom-policy accounts such as multisigs, and purifies the underlying Ethereum protocol by reducing the minimal consensus implementation complexity.

Vitalik Buterin

Active

Serenity feature

Serenity Casper

EIP-105

Binary sharding plus contract calling semantics. "Sharding scaffolding" EIP to allow Ethereum transactions to be parallelized using a binary tree sharding mechanism, and to set the stage for a later sharding scheme. Research in progress; see https://github.com/ethereum/sharding.

Vitalik Buterin

Active

Serenity feature

Serenity Casper

EIP-137

Ethereum Domain Name Service - Specification

Nick Johnson

ERC

Final

EIP-140

New Opcode: REVERT. Adds REVERT opcode instruction, which stops execution and rolls back the EVM execution state changes without consuming all provided gas (instead the contract only has to pay for memory) or losing logs, and returns to the caller a pointer to the memory location with the error code or message.

Alex Beregszaszi, Nikolai Mushegian

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-141

Designated invalid EVM instruction

Alex Beregszaszi

Core

Final

EIP-145

Bitwise shifting instructions in EVM

Alex Beregszaszi, Paweł Bylica

Core

Deferred

EIP-150

Gas cost changes for IO-heavy operations

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

EIP-155

Simple replay attack protection. Replay Attack allows any transaction using a pre-EIP-155 Ethereum node or client to become signed so it is valid and executed on both the Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains.

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

Homestead

EIP-158

State clearing

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Superseded

EIP-160

EXP cost increase

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

EIP-161

State trie clearing (invariant-preserving alternative)

Gavin Wood

Core

Final

EIP-162

Initial ENS Hash Registrar

Maurelian, Nick Johnson, Alex Van de Sande

ERC

Final

EIP-165

ERC-165 Standard Interface Detection

Christian Reitwiessner et al.

Interface

Draft

EIP-170

Contract code size limit

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

EIP-181

ENS support for reverse resolution of Ethereum addresses

Nick Johnson

ERC

Final

EIP-190

Ethereum Smart Contract Packaging Standard

Piper Merriam et al.

ERC

Final

EIP-196

Precompiled contracts for addition and scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve alt_bn128. Required in order to perform zkSNARK verification within the block gas limit.

Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-197

Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128. Combined with EIP-196.

Vitalik Buterin, Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-198

Big integer modular exponentiation. Precompile enabling RSA signature verification and other cryptographic applications.

Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-211

New opcodes: RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY. Adds support for returning variable-length values inside the EVM with simple gas charging and minimal change to calling opcodes using new opcodes RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY. Handles similar to existing calldata, whereby after a call, return data is kept inside a virtual buffer from which the caller can copy it (or parts thereof) into memory, and upon the next call, the buffer is overwritten.

Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-214

New opcode: STATICCALL. Permits non-state-changing calls to itself or other contracts while disallowing any modifications to state during the call (and its subcalls, if present) to increase smart contract security and assure developers that re-entrancy bugs cannot arise from the call. Calls the child with STATIC flag set to true for execution of child, causing exception to be thrown upon any attempts to make state-changing operations inside an execution instance where STATIC is true, and resets flag once call returns.

Vitalik Buterin, Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-225

Rinkeby testnet using proof of authority where blocks are only mined by trusted signers.

Péter Szilágyi

Homestead

EIP-234

Add blockHash to JSON-RPC filter options

Micah Zoltu

Interface

Draft

EIP-615

Subroutines and Static Jumps for the EVM

Greg Colvin, Paweł Bylica, Christian Reitwiessner

Core

Draft

EIP-616

SIMD Operations for the EVM

Greg Colvin

Core

Draft

EIP-681

URL Format for Transaction Requests

Daniel A. Nagy

Interface

Draft

EIP-649

Metropolis Difficulty Bomb Delay and Block Reward Reduction. Delayed the Ice Age (aka Difficulty Bomb) by 1 year, and reduced the block reward from 5 to 3 ether.

Afri Schoedon, Vitalik Buterin

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-658

Embedding transaction status code in receipts. Fetches and embeds a status field indicative of success or failure state to transaction receipts for callers, as it’s no longer possible to assume the transaction failed if and only if it consumed all gas after the introduction of the REVERT opcode in EIP-140.

Nick Johnson

Core

Final

Metropolis Byzantinium

EIP-706

DEVp2p snappy compression

Péter Szilágyi

Networking

Final

EIP-721

ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard. A standard API that allows smart contracts to operate as unique tradable non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that may be tracked in standardized wallets and traded on exchanges as assets of value, similar to ERC20. CryptoKitties was the first popularly adopted implementation of a digital NFT in the Ethereum ecosystem.

William Entriken, Dieter Shirley, Jacob Evans, Nastassia Sachs

Standard

Draft

EIP-758

Subscriptions and filters for completed transactions

Jack Peterson

Interface

Draft

EIP-801

ERC-801 Canary Standard

ligi

Interface

Draft

EIP-827

ERC827 Token Standard. An extension of the standard interface ERC20 for tokens with methods that allow the execution of calls inside transfer and approvals. This standard provides basic functionality to transfer tokens, as well as allowing tokens to be approved so they can be spent by another on-chain third party. Also, it allows the developer to execute calls on transfers and approvals.

Augusto Lemble

ERC

Draft

EIP-930

ERC930 Eternal Storage. The ES (Eternal Storage) contract is owned by an address that has write permissions. The storage is public, which means everyone has read permissions. It stores the data in mappings, using one mapping per type of variable. The use of this contract allows the developer to migrate the storage easily to another contract if needed.

Augusto Lemble

ERC

Draft